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  • Question 1 - A 6 year-old boy is brought to you coughing. He is suspected to...

    Incorrect

    • A 6 year-old boy is brought to you coughing. He is suspected to have aspirated a Lego piece which he was seen playing with. Where would you expect the piece to be?

      Your Answer: Lingular segment of the left lung

      Correct Answer: Right main bronchus

      Explanation:

      Inhaled objects are more likely to enter the right lung for several reasons. First the right bronchus is shorter, wider and more vertical than the left bronchus. Also, the carina (a ridge-like structure at the point of tracheal bifurcation) is set a little towards the left. The terminal bronchiole is a very small space and impossible for the seed to lodge here.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      3
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - The basilar artery arises from the confluence of which two arteries? ...

    Incorrect

    • The basilar artery arises from the confluence of which two arteries?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Vertebral

      Explanation:

      The basilar artery is part of the vertebrobasilar system. It is formed by the confluence of the two vertebral arteries which arise from the subclavian arteries. These two vertebral arteries merge at the level of cranial nerve VI at the junction between the pons and the medulla oblangata to form what is know as the basilar artery. This vertebrobasilar system supplies the upper spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, and posterior part of brain.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 3 - A textbook of cardiac surgery explains that while doing a left pneumonectomy, a...

    Incorrect

    • A textbook of cardiac surgery explains that while doing a left pneumonectomy, a surgeon must be careful to avoid injury to a vital structure that leaves an impression on the mediastinal surface of the left lung. Which structure is it referring to?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Aortic arch

      Explanation:

      Structures that leave an impression on the mediastinal surface of the left lung include: the oesophagus, subclavian artery, brachiocephalic vein, first rib, thymus, the heart, the diaphragm, descending aorta and arch of the aorta. The other structures form an impression on the mediastinal aspect of the right lung.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 4 - A 19 year old male patient exhibiting signs of shock was brought to...

    Incorrect

    • A 19 year old male patient exhibiting signs of shock was brought to the casualty after he had fallen from the 3rd floor of a building. An examination carried out revealed tenderness on the left mid-posterior axillary line and low blood pressure. Further palpation revealed a large swelling that protruded downward and medially below the left costal margin. X-rays showed that the 9th and the 10th ribs were fractured near their angles. Considering these results, which abdominal organ was likely injured by the fractured ribs.

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Spleen

      Explanation:

      The spleen, left kidney, stomach, the splenic flexure of the colon and the suprarenal glands are all in the same quadrant- the left upper quadrant. However, the spleen is the most readily injured organ when there is fracture to the 10th, 11th and the 12th ribs because of its close association with these ribs. This patient exhibits a great indication of a ruptured spleen (tenderness on the left mid and posterior axillary line). The spleen is a thin capsulated organ with a spongy parenchyma, allowing it to bleed profusely in the event of injury. The liver, head of the pancreas and the duodenum are all in the right upper quadrant.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 5 - An 80 year-old quadriplegic man has been lying supine for 7 weeks in...

    Incorrect

    • An 80 year-old quadriplegic man has been lying supine for 7 weeks in a critical care ward. He develops a right lung abscess that is draining by gravity to a particular region of the lung. Which is the most likely site of pus collection?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Superior segment of the lower lobe

      Explanation:

      The superior segmental bronchus of the lower lobe of the right lung branches posteriorly off the intermediate bronchus or the inferior lobe bronchus. It is therefore more likely to receive fluid or foreign bodies that enter the right main bronchus especially when the patient is supine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 6 - Which muscle originates from the common flexor tendon of the forearm? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which muscle originates from the common flexor tendon of the forearm?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Flexor digitorum superficialis

      Explanation:

      The medial epicondyle of the humerus is the site of origin of this group of muscles of the forearm. It originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus by a common tendon. Fibres from the deep fascia of the forearm, near the elbow and septa, pass from this fascia between the muscles. These muscles include the pronator teres, palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum superficialis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 7 - A patient at the time of her second delivery opted for a bilateral...

    Incorrect

    • A patient at the time of her second delivery opted for a bilateral pudendal nerve block. In order to inject the anaesthetic agent near the pudendal nerve a anaesthetic consultant had to insert a finger into the vagina and press laterally to palpate which landmark?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Ischial spine

      Explanation:

      The ischial spine is always palpated through the walls of the vagina when performing a transvaginal pudendal nerve block and can easily be palpated on the lateral wall of the vagina.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 8 - A 40 year old man sustained a fracture to the surgical neck of...

    Incorrect

    • A 40 year old man sustained a fracture to the surgical neck of his left humerus. Which of the following arteries is suspected to be injured in this case?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Posterior humeral circumflex

      Explanation:

      The posterior humeral circumflex artery arises from the axillary artery and runs with the axillary nerve through the quadrangular space which is bounded laterally by the surgical neck of the humerus. After winding around the surgical neck of the humerus, it is distributed to the deltoid muscle and the shoulder joint. Thus fractures in the surgical neck of the humerus could result in an injury to this artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 9 - Atrial septal defect (ASD) is most likely to be due to incomplete closure...

    Incorrect

    • Atrial septal defect (ASD) is most likely to be due to incomplete closure of which one of the following structures:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Foramen ovale

      Explanation:

      Atrial septal defect is a congenital heart defect that results in a communication between the right and left atria of the heart and may involve the interatrial septum. It results from incomplete closure of the foramen ovale which is normally open during fetal life and closes just after birth.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 10 - What is correct regarding the obturator artery? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is correct regarding the obturator artery?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: It is found in the medial compartment of the thigh

      Explanation:

      The obturator artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery, which passes antero-inferiorly on the lateral wall of the pelvis, to the upper part of the obturator foramen. The posterior branch follows the posterior margin of the foramen and turns forward on the inferior ramus of the ischium. It also supplies an articular branch, which enters the hip joint through the acetabular notch, sending a branch along the ligamentum teres to the head of the femur. It is the main source of arterial supply to the medial compartment of the thigh

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 11 - A 25 year old male patient who had sustained a stab wound in...

    Incorrect

    • A 25 year old male patient who had sustained a stab wound in the middle of the posterior aspect of the left thigh, was discharged from hospital after dressing and antibiotic prophylaxis. Later on the patient developed bleeding through the wound and upon review, the source was discovered to be an artery that is the direct source of the medial and lateral circumflex arteries. Which is this artery that was injured?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Profunda femoris artery

      Explanation:

      The medial and lateral circumflex arteries are direct branches of the Profunda femoris artery otherwise also known as the deep artery of the thigh. The Profunda femoris artery arises from the femoral artery just below the inguinal ligament (approximately 2-5cm below it).
      The following are the branches of the deep artery of the thigh:
      Lateral circumflex femoral artery
      Medial circumflex femoral artery
      Perforating arteries

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 12 - In a splenectomy procedure, special care is emphasized on the preservation of the...

    Incorrect

    • In a splenectomy procedure, special care is emphasized on the preservation of the tail of the pancreas that is closely associated with the spleen to avoid post operative pancreatic fistula. As a general surgeon conducting a splenectomy where are you most likely to find the tail of the pancreas in the abdominal cavity?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Splenorenal ligament

      Explanation:

      The tail of the pancreas is the only intraperitoneal part of the pancreas and is found contained in the splenorenal ligament of the peritoneal cavity. The splenorenal ligament is derived from the peritoneum where the wall of the general peritoneal cavity connects to the omental bursa between the spleen and the left kidney. This ligament contains the splenic vessels and the tail of the pancreas.
      The gastrocolic ligament stretches from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon, connecting the two.
      The gastrosplenic ligament is derived from the greater omentum and is the structure that connects the stomach to the hilum of the spleen. The gastrosplenic ligament continues from the splenic flexure of the colon to the diaphragm and acts as a support to the spleen.
      The transverse colon is connected to the abdominal wall by the mesocolon ligament.
      The falciform ligament on the other hand, attaches the liver to the ventral wall of the abdomen.
      The hepatoduodenal ligament connects the porta hepatis of the liver to the superior part of the duodenum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 13 - From which branchial (pharyngeal) pouch does the inferior parathyroid gland arise? ...

    Incorrect

    • From which branchial (pharyngeal) pouch does the inferior parathyroid gland arise?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 3rd

      Explanation:

      The following structures arise from each branchial pouch:
      1st pouch – eustachian tube, middle ear, mastoid, and inner layer of the tympanic membrane
      2nd pouch – middle ear, palatine tonsils
      3rd pouch – inferior parathyroid glands, thymus
      4th pouch – superior parathyroid glands, ultimobranchial body which forms the parafollicular C-cells of the thyroid gland, musculature and cartilage of larynx (along with the sixth pharyngeal pouch)
      5th pouch – rudimentary structure
      6th pouch – along with the fourth pouch, contributes to the formation of the musculature and cartilage of the larynx.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - A 38 year-old man falls on an outstretched hand. X-rays indicate an anterior...

    Incorrect

    • A 38 year-old man falls on an outstretched hand. X-rays indicate an anterior dislocation of one of the carpal bones. Which carpal bone is most commonly dislocated?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Lunate

      Explanation:

      The scaphoid bone is the most commonly fractured carpal bone and has an increased risk of avascular necrosis.
      The lunate is the most commonly dislocated carpal bone. The displaced bone may compress the median nerve in the carpal tunnel.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 15 - A pedestrian sustained a left fibula fractured following a hit-and-run. X-rays showed that...

    Incorrect

    • A pedestrian sustained a left fibula fractured following a hit-and-run. X-rays showed that there was a transverse fracture of the upper end of the fibula. It was manifested clinically by inability to flex his foot at the ankle joint plus weak extension of the phalanges. What nerve is suspected to be injured in such a case?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Deep peroneal

      Explanation:

      The deep peroneal nerve supplies the muscles allowing for flexion of the foot at the ankle joint, namely the tibialis anterior and peroneus tertius muscles. The peroneus tertius, peroneus brevis, and peroneus longus evert the foot, whereas the tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior invert the foot. Fibres of the deep peroneal nerve originate from L4, L5, and S1.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 16 - The fundus of the stomach receives blood supply from the same artery as...

    Incorrect

    • The fundus of the stomach receives blood supply from the same artery as the greater curvature of the stomach. Which of the following arteries when ligated will disrupt blood supply to the fundus of the stomach through this artery?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Splenic

      Explanation:

      The fundus of the stomach along with the greater curvature of the stomach receive blood supply from the short gastric artery. The short gastric artery arises from the end of the splenic artery. The ligation of the splenic artery therefore would cause a disruption of blood supply to the fundus of the stomach.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Regarding the long head of the biceps femoris, which of the following is...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the long head of the biceps femoris, which of the following is correct?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: It crosses two joints

      Explanation:

      The long head of the biceps femoris arises from the lower and inner impression on the back of the tuberosity of the ischium. It inserts with the short head in an aponeurosis which becomes a tendon and this tendon is inserted into the lateral side of the head of the fibula and the lateral condyle of the tibia, thus crossing two joints.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which organs would cause pain in a patient who complains of dull pain...

    Incorrect

    • Which organs would cause pain in a patient who complains of dull pain in her pelvis, along the midline starting from the pubic bone in the front to the sacrum at the back?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Urinary bladder, uterus/cervix/vagina, rectum

      Explanation:

      The pain could have been caused by the urinary bladder, uterus/cervix/vagina or rectum as it involves the pelvic viscera.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 19 - An old man fell and fractured a carpal bone articulating with the pisiform...

    Incorrect

    • An old man fell and fractured a carpal bone articulating with the pisiform bone. Which bone was most likely fractured?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Triquetral

      Explanation:

      The pisiform bone has an oval facet for articulation with the triquetral bone. The pisiform bone is a sesamoid bone, and is anterior to the other carpal bones.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - A 26-year old man is brought to the A&E with a stab wound...

    Incorrect

    • A 26-year old man is brought to the A&E with a stab wound to the chest. The wound is in a part of the left lung that might partially fill the costomediastinal recess in full respiration. Where did the weapon strike this man?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Lingula

      Explanation:

      During full inspiration, the lingual-of the left lung partially fills the costomediastinal recess. If the apex of the lung is fully filled with air, it would occupy the copula (the part of the pleura that extends above the first rib). The hilum is part of the lung where the neurovascular structures that form the root of the lung enter and leave the lung and doesn’t expand on inspiration. The middle lobe can expand to fill the costomediastinal recess, however, the middle lobe is on the right lung. The inferior lobe, during full inspiration, might fill the costodiaphragmatic recess.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 21 - A retroperitoneal structure is: ...

    Incorrect

    • A retroperitoneal structure is:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Pancreas

      Explanation:

      Retroperitoneal structures are those that are found behind the peritoneum. They include: kidneys, suprarenal glands, bladder, ureter, inferior vena cava, rectum, oesophagus (part of it), part of the pancreas, 2nd, 3rd and 4th parts of the duodenum and ascending and descending parts of the colon.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
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      Seconds

  • Question 22 - A elderly patient with bulbar palsy is bed ridden. While swallowing he aspirates...

    Incorrect

    • A elderly patient with bulbar palsy is bed ridden. While swallowing he aspirates one of his tablets into his lungs. In which bronchopulmonary segments is it most likely to end up?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Superior segmental bronchus of the right inferior lobe

      Explanation:

      Inhaled objects are more likely to enter the right lung for several reasons. First the right bronchus is shorter, wider and more vertical than the left bronchus. Also, the carina (a ridge-like structure at the point of tracheal bifurcation) is set a little towards the left. The superior segmental bronchus branches posteriorly off the intermediate bronchus or the inferior lobe bronchus and is thus more likely to receive the foreign body that enters the right main bronchus. The lingula is only found on the left lung. The terminal bronchiole is a very small space almost impossible for the tablet to lodge here.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 23 - A man was stabbed in the thigh following a bar brawl. A superficial...

    Incorrect

    • A man was stabbed in the thigh following a bar brawl. A superficial vein was injured which terminates in the femoral vein. This superficial vein is?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Great saphenous

      Explanation:

      The great saphenous vein is considered the longest vein in the body. It terminates in the femoral vein nearly 3cm below the inguinal ligament. It begins at the dorsum of the foot in the medial marginal vein and ascends at the medial side of the leg in relation with the saphenous nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 24 - The posterior cord contains nerve fibres from which of the following levels of...

    Incorrect

    • The posterior cord contains nerve fibres from which of the following levels of the spinal cord?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1

      Explanation:

      THE correct answer is A. The posterior cord derives its fibres from the spinal nerves C5,C6,C7,C8,T1. This cord is formed from the fusion of the posterior divisions of the upper, lower, and middle trunks.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The rotator cuff surrounds the shoulder joint and consists of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus,...

    Incorrect

    • The rotator cuff surrounds the shoulder joint and consists of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis and which one other muscle?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Teres minor

      Explanation:

      The correct answer is the teres minor muscle. These group of muscles play an important role in protecting the shoulder joint and keeping the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa of the scapula. This fossa is somehow shallow and needs support to allow for the full mobility that the shoulder joint has.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - During a surgical operation, whilst dissecting the mediastinal lymph nodes for a bronchogenic...

    Incorrect

    • During a surgical operation, whilst dissecting the mediastinal lymph nodes for a bronchogenic carcinoma of the right upper lobe bronchus, a patient's right sympathetic trunk is accidentally severed above the level of spinal nerve T1. Which function would be left intact in the affected region?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Voluntary muscle activity

      Explanation:

      The sympathetic nervous system regulates vascular tone, dilation of pupils, arrector pili muscles, sweat production and visceral reflexes. Neurones that supply the voluntary muscles originate from the ventral horn of the spinal cord. If these nerves were thus damaged, these functions would be impaired. The sympathetic nervous system is not responsible for voluntary muscle activity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - A drug abuser developed an infection which spread from the dorsum of the...

    Incorrect

    • A drug abuser developed an infection which spread from the dorsum of the hand to the medial side of the arm along the course of the large cutaneous vein. Which vein is involved?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Basilic

      Explanation:

      The basilic vein is one of two veins found in the forearm, the other is the cephalic vein. These veins originate from the deep venous arch of the hand. The cephalic vein ascends along the lateral side of the forearm, and the basilic vein runs up the medial side of the forearm.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - A patients sciatic nerve has been severed following a stab injury. What would...

    Incorrect

    • A patients sciatic nerve has been severed following a stab injury. What would be affected?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: There would still be cutaneous sensation over the anteromedial surface of the thigh

      Explanation:

      The sciatic nerve supplies nearly all of the sensation of the skin of the leg and the muscles of the back of the thigh, leg and foot. A transection of the sciatic nerve at its exit from the pelvis will affect all the above-mentioned functions except cutaneous sensation over the anteromedial surface of the thigh, which comes from the femoral nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 29 - During a radical mastectomy for advanced breast cancer, the surgeon injured the long...

    Incorrect

    • During a radical mastectomy for advanced breast cancer, the surgeon injured the long thoracic nerve. Which among the following muscles is likely to be affected?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Serratus anterior

      Explanation:

      The long thoracic nerve innervates the serratus anterior muscle which holds the scapula forward and balances the rhomboids and the trapezius muscles which retract the scapula. Injury to this nerve results in a ‘winged scapula’ with a posterior protrusion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Following a fracture in the fibula, an artery contained in a fibrous canal...

    Incorrect

    • Following a fracture in the fibula, an artery contained in a fibrous canal between tibialis posterior and flexor hallucis longus was lacerated. Which of the following arteries was injured?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Peroneal

      Explanation:

      The peroneal artery is deeply seated at the back of the fibular side of the leg, contained in a fibrous canal between the tibialis posterior and the flexor hallucis longus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

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