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  • Question 1 - Which nerves innervate the internal anal sphincter? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which nerves innervate the internal anal sphincter?

      Your Answer: Inferior rectal

      Correct Answer: Pelvic Splanchnic

      Explanation:

      The anal sphincters are responsible for closing the anal canal to the passage of faeces and flatus. The smooth muscle or involuntary internal sphincter sustains contraction to prevent the leakage of faeces between bowel movements and is innervated by the pelvic splanchnic nerves, which are a branch of the spinal segment 4. The external sphincter is made up of skeletal muscle and can therefore contract and relax voluntarily. Its innervation comes from the inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve, and the perineal branch of S4 nerve roots.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      18.4
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which of the following is contained within the deep perineal pouch? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is contained within the deep perineal pouch?

      Your Answer: Proximal portion of urethra

      Explanation:

      The proximal portion of urethra in females or membranous urethra in males is in the deep perineal pouch

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      20.7
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which one of the following statements regarding the fetal head is true? ...

    Correct

    • Which one of the following statements regarding the fetal head is true?

      Your Answer: Considered to be engaged when the biparietal diameter passes the level of the pelvic inlet

      Explanation:

      The fetal head is engaged when the head of the foetus or the presenting part enters the pelvic inlet or pelvic brim. It usually occurs at 38 weeks of gestation.
      The Spalding sign refers to the overlapping of the fetal skull bones caused by collapse of the fetal brain. It appears usually a week or more after fetal death in utero.
      In brow presentation the scalp is deflexed as the foetus is looking upward. Normally the head is inflexed such that the chin is touching the chest.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      65.8
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Sensory supply to the clitoris is via branches of which nerve? ...

    Correct

    • Sensory supply to the clitoris is via branches of which nerve?

      Your Answer: Pudendal nerve

      Explanation:

      The Pudendal nerve divides into inferior rectal, perineal and dorsal nerve of the clitoris (or penis in males). The dorsal nerve of clitoris supplies sensory innervation to the clitoris. The perineal branch supplies sensory innervation to the skin of the labia majora and minora and the vestibule.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      13.8
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - How many seminiferous tubules would you typically expect to find in a testicular...

    Incorrect

    • How many seminiferous tubules would you typically expect to find in a testicular lobule?

      Your Answer: 2 million

      Correct Answer: 2

      Explanation:

      There are between 250 and 400 lobules in each testis. The lobule is a structural unit of the testis with each lobule contained in one of the intervals between fibrous septa which extend between the mediastinum testis and the tunica albuginea. Each lobule contains 1 to 3 seminiferous tubules.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      22.8
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Regarding the urinary bladder, what type of epithelium lines it? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the urinary bladder, what type of epithelium lines it?

      Your Answer: Simple columnar

      Correct Answer: Transitional

      Explanation:

      The urinary bladder, and most of the urinary structures are lined by epithelium called the urothelium, or the transitional epithelium. This stratified lining is divided into three parts, an apical layer, an intermediate layer and a basal layer. The transitional epithelium is available to stretch to accommodate the increased volume when the bladder is distended, without structural damage.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      38.8
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which of the following arteries branches directly from the aorta? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following arteries branches directly from the aorta?

      Your Answer: Ovarian

      Explanation:

      The ovarian artery takes its origin directly from the aorta. While the uterine and the vaginal arteries are all branches of the internal iliac artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      8.1
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Regarding the rectus sheath which of the following statements are true? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the rectus sheath which of the following statements are true?

      Your Answer: Above the arcuate line the external oblique divides into two lamellae

      Correct Answer: Above the arcuate line the internal oblique divides into two lamellae

      Explanation:

      The rectus sheath is formed by the aponeurosis of the internal and external oblique muscles and the transversus abdominus muscle. The internal oblique divides into two lamellae and encloses the rectus muscle. Anteriorly it fuses with the aponeurosis of the external oblique and posteriorly with that of the transverus abdominus. Below the arcuate line the aponeurosis of all the flat muscles lies anteriorly and posteriorly it is only enclosed by the transveralis fascia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      54.2
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which of the following takes part in the arterial supply of the ovary?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following takes part in the arterial supply of the ovary?

      Your Answer: Uterine arteries

      Explanation:

      The ovarian arteries, arising from the abdominal aorta and the ascending uterine arteries which are branches of the internal iliac artery all supply the ovaries. They terminate by bifurcating into the ovarian and tubal branches and anastomose with the contralateral branches providing a collateral circulation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      22
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The inguinal canal is reinforced anterolaterally by which structure? ...

    Incorrect

    • The inguinal canal is reinforced anterolaterally by which structure?

      Your Answer: Aponeurosis external oblique

      Correct Answer: Internal oblique

      Explanation:

      The Conjoint tendon AKA Inguinal falx reinforces the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. The inguinal ligament is part of the floor.
      The aponeurosis of external oblique is the major component of the anterior wall with fibres of internal oblique reinforcing the lateral part

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      39.3
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - You have been asked to perform a pudendal nerve block on a patient...

    Correct

    • You have been asked to perform a pudendal nerve block on a patient by your consultant. The pudendal nerve is formed from which spinal segments?

      Your Answer: S2,S3 and S4

      Explanation:

      The pudendal nerve has its origins form S2, S3 and S4 spinal segments. It provides sensation to the clitoris and labia along with the ilioinguinal nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      11.3
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Regarding lymph drainage of the breast where does the majority of lymph drain...

    Correct

    • Regarding lymph drainage of the breast where does the majority of lymph drain to?

      Your Answer: Axillary nodes

      Explanation:

      Lymphatic drainage of the breast.
      The lateral two thirds of the breast drains into the axillary lymph nodes. This constitute about 75% of the lymphatic drainage of the breast. The medial third of the breast drains into the parasternal lymph nodes and these communicate with the ipsilateral lymph nodes from the opposite breast. The superior part of the breast drains into the infraclavicular lymph nodes and inferior part drains into the diaphragmatic lymph nodes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      13.1
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The typical female breast contains how many lobes? ...

    Correct

    • The typical female breast contains how many lobes?

      Your Answer: 15-20

      Explanation:

      The female breast is made of about 15 to 20 individual lobes. The lobules each consists of alveoli which drain into a single lactiferous duct. The ductal system leads to lactiferous sinuses and collecting ducts which expel milk from openings in the nipple.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      7.2
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - In which one of the following positions does hyperextension of the fetal head...

    Correct

    • In which one of the following positions does hyperextension of the fetal head occur?

      Your Answer: Face presentation

      Explanation:

      Face presentation is the abnormal position of the fetal head in labour. In this position the neck is hyperextended.
      Vertex position is the normal presentation of the foetus for delivery, in which the head is flexed and the position of the chin is towards the chest.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      16.2
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - The ascending colon drains into the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). What vein does...

    Incorrect

    • The ascending colon drains into the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). What vein does the SMV drain into?

      Your Answer: Gastric vein

      Correct Answer: Hepatic portal vein

      Explanation:

      The superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      19.2
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - The roof of the femoral triangle is formed by which structure? ...

    Incorrect

    • The roof of the femoral triangle is formed by which structure?

      Your Answer: Adductor longus

      Correct Answer: Fascia lata

      Explanation:

      Boundaries of the Femoral Triangle: Superior: Inguinal ligament Medial: Medial border of the adductor longus Lateral: Medial border of the sartorius Floor: Pectineus, Adductor longus and Iliopsoas muscles Roof: Fascia Lata (cribriform fascia at the saphenous opening) Trasversalis fascia forms part of the roof of the inguinal canal

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      25.2
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - A patient undergoes oophorectomy and the ovarian veins are ligated. Which vein does...

    Incorrect

    • A patient undergoes oophorectomy and the ovarian veins are ligated. Which vein does the left ovary drain into?

      Your Answer: Inferior vena cava

      Correct Answer: Left renal

      Explanation:

      When it comes to questions on venous drainage the ovarian vein is likely to be a common question given its varied drainage depending on laterality. The right ovarian vein travels through the suspensory ligament of the ovary and generally joins the inferior vena cava whereas the left ovarian vein drains into the left renal vein.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      25.6
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Pelvic ligaments can change at term resulting in? ...

    Correct

    • Pelvic ligaments can change at term resulting in?

      Your Answer: Enlargement of the pelvic cavity

      Explanation:

      The pelvis is supported by a variety of ligaments. At term, these ligaments allow for variation in its structure such that the overall size of the pelvic cavity is increased in order to accommodate the upcoming foetus into the cavity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      23.2
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - The main function of the cilia of the fallopian tube is? ...

    Incorrect

    • The main function of the cilia of the fallopian tube is?

      Your Answer: Transport the ovum towards the peritoneal cavity

      Correct Answer: Transport the ovum towards the uterus

      Explanation:

      Cilia are small hair line projections in the fallopian tube. Their main function is to transport the egg through he fallopian tube towards the uterus. It is present in many other tubular organs and its function varies accordingly to the organ.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      50
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - The superficial inguinal ring is an aperture in which structure? ...

    Correct

    • The superficial inguinal ring is an aperture in which structure?

      Your Answer: Aponeurosis external oblique

      Explanation:

      The superficial ring is the exit to the inguinal canal. It is a triangular aperture in the aponeurosis of external oblique. The conjoint tendon reinforces the ring posteriorly

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      41
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - The femoral triangle is bounded superiorly by which of the following structures? ...

    Correct

    • The femoral triangle is bounded superiorly by which of the following structures?

      Your Answer: Inguinal ligament

      Explanation:

      Boundaries of the Femoral Triangle:
      Superior: Inguinal ligament
      Medial: Medial border of the adductor longus
      Lateral: Medial border of the sartorius
      Floor: Pectineus, Adductor longus and Iliopsoas muscles
      Roof: Fascia Lata

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      19.3
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - The external anal sphincter is innervated by which nerves? ...

    Incorrect

    • The external anal sphincter is innervated by which nerves?

      Your Answer: Pelvic Splanchnic

      Correct Answer: Inferior rectal

      Explanation:

      The external anal sphincter is innervated by the inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2-4) while the internal anal sphincter is innervated by autonomic nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      10.8
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - What is the anatomical landmark used for gauging the station of the fetal...

    Incorrect

    • What is the anatomical landmark used for gauging the station of the fetal head during labour?

      Your Answer: Pubic symphysis

      Correct Answer: Ischial Spine

      Explanation:

      The ischial spine is the anatomical landmark for assessing the station of the fetal head and also placing pudendal nerve blocks. (the pudendal nerve runs posterior to the ischial spine). The ischial spine can be palpated approximately 8cm into the vagina, at 4 and 8 o’clock.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      37.3
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Regarding lymph drainage of the lower vagina where does the majority of lymph...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding lymph drainage of the lower vagina where does the majority of lymph drain to?

      Your Answer: Lumbar nodes

      Correct Answer: Inguinal nodes

      Explanation:

      The lower vagina drains to the inguinal nodes where as the upper vagina drains to the internal and external iliacs

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      21.5
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) lies within which part of the kidney? ...

    Correct

    • The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) lies within which part of the kidney?

      Your Answer: Renal Cortex

      Explanation:

      The juxtaglomerular apparatus is the main site for the production of renin. It plays an important role in the regulation of the blood pressure. These structures are mainly located in the cortex of the kidneys.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      41
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which one of the following measurements is usually taken during clinical exam of...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following measurements is usually taken during clinical exam of the pelvis?

      Your Answer: Transverse diameter of the inlet

      Correct Answer: Shape of the pubic arch

      Explanation:

      During pelvimetry, the shape of the pubic arch is usually examined. It helps in determining the outcome of the type of fetal delivery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      22.1
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - A patient undergoes surgery for a vaginal vault prolapse. After surgery she complains...

    Incorrect

    • A patient undergoes surgery for a vaginal vault prolapse. After surgery she complains of numbness of the anterior aspect of the labia. Which nerve has likely been damaged during surgery?

      Your Answer: Genitofemoral

      Correct Answer: Ilioinguinal

      Explanation:

      The anterior aspect of the vulva (mons pubis, anterior labia) is supplied by derivatives of the lumbar plexus: the anterior labial nerves, derived from the
      ilio-inguinal nerve, and the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve.
      The posterior aspect of the vulva is supplied by derivatives of the sacral plexus: the perineal branch of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh laterally, and the pudendal nerve centrally.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      15.2
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - A patient is about to undergo a pudendal nerve block after vaginal delivery...

    Incorrect

    • A patient is about to undergo a pudendal nerve block after vaginal delivery to repair an episiotomy. Which spinal segments form the pudendal nerve?

      Your Answer: S1 and S2

      Correct Answer: S2, S3 and S4

      Explanation:

      The pudendal nerve provides sensory innervation to regions of the anus, the perineum, the labia and the clitoris in women. The nerve is formed from the ventral rami of the S2-S4 sacral spinal nerves. The nerve is paired, each innervating the left and the right side of the body. Pudendal nerve blocks are indicated for analgesia of the second stage of labour, repair of an episiotomy or perineal laceration, and for minor surgeries of the lower vagina and perineum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      17.2
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - A patient undergoes oophorectomy and the ovarian veins are ligated. Which vein does...

    Incorrect

    • A patient undergoes oophorectomy and the ovarian veins are ligated. Which vein does the left ovary drain into?

      Your Answer: Right internal iliac

      Correct Answer: Left renal

      Explanation:

      The right ovarian vein ascends and enters the inferior vena cava and the left ovarian vein drains into the longer left renal vein.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      11.6
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - If the presenting part of the foetus is the large fontanel, this presentation...

    Incorrect

    • If the presenting part of the foetus is the large fontanel, this presentation is known as?

      Your Answer: Brow

      Correct Answer: Sinciput

      Explanation:

      Sinciput means the head is neither flexed nor extended. It is the area between forehead and crown and in this case the anterior fontanel is the presenting part.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      37.5
      Seconds

  • Question 31 - You are asked to assess a patients perineal tear following labour by vaginal...

    Incorrect

    • You are asked to assess a patients perineal tear following labour by vaginal delivery. You note a laceration that extends approximately a quarter of the thickness through the external anal sphincter. How would you classify this tear?

      Your Answer: 1st

      Correct Answer: 3a

      Explanation:

      1. First-degree trauma corresponds to lacerations of the skin/vaginal epithelium alone.
      2. Second-degree tears involve perineal muscles and therefore include episiotomies.
      3. Third-degree extensions involve any part of the anal sphincter complex (external and internal sphincters):
      i Less than 50 per cent of the external anal
      sphincter is torn.
      ii More than 50 per cent of the external anal
      sphincter is torn.
      iii Tear involves the internal anal sphincter
      (usually there is complete disruption of the
      external sphincter).
      4. Fourth-degree tears involve injury to the anal sphincter complex extending into the rectal mucosa.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      91.8
      Seconds

  • Question 32 - Uterine Cervix: ...

    Incorrect

    • Uterine Cervix:

      Your Answer: The external os cell lining is columnar epithelium

      Correct Answer: Is the portion of the uterus below the isthmus

      Explanation:

      The uterus is divisible into two portions. The portion above the isthmus is termed the body, and that below, the cervix. The uterine cervix is the narrow inferior segment of the uterus, which projects into the vaginal cavity. It is a fibromuscular organ lined by a mucous membrane and measures approximately 3cm in length and 2.5cm in diameter. The cervix is continuous at its superior margins with the body of the uterus and at its inferior margins with the vagina.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      6.4
      Seconds

  • Question 33 - The sacroiliac joint is what type of joint? ...

    Incorrect

    • The sacroiliac joint is what type of joint?

      Your Answer: Condyloid

      Correct Answer: Synovial

      Explanation:

      The SIJ is a synovial joint. The Pubic Symphysis is a Secondary Cartilaginous

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      29.8
      Seconds

  • Question 34 - The ovarian artery is a branch of the: ...

    Incorrect

    • The ovarian artery is a branch of the:

      Your Answer: Sacral artery

      Correct Answer: Aorta

      Explanation:

      The ovarian artery is an artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the ovary in females. It arises from the abdominal aorta below the renal artery. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary, anterior to the ovarian vein and ureter.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      8.6
      Seconds

  • Question 35 - Regarding the uterine artery which of the following statements are TRUE? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the uterine artery which of the following statements are TRUE?

      Your Answer: It arises from the ovarian artery

      Correct Answer: It arises from the internal iliac artery

      Explanation:

      The uterine artery arises from the internal iliac artery, in particular the anterior division of the internal iliac artery. Some older texts refer to the internal iliac as the hypogastric artery. The vaginal artery typically arises as its own branch of the internal iliac artery. The ovarian arteries are branches of the aorta

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      11.3
      Seconds

  • Question 36 - Leydig cells contain receptors to which hormone? ...

    Correct

    • Leydig cells contain receptors to which hormone?

      Your Answer: LH

      Explanation:

      The Leydig cells contain receptors to the luteinizing hormone which in turn is responsible for the production of testosterone. This circulates in the body predominantly bound to transport proteins and to a lesser extent to albumin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      23.9
      Seconds

  • Question 37 - Sensory supply to the clitoris is via branches of which nerve? ...

    Correct

    • Sensory supply to the clitoris is via branches of which nerve?

      Your Answer: Pudendal nerve

      Explanation:

      The pudenal nerves has three branches, namely the inferior rectal, perineal and the dorsal nerve of the clitoris. The perineal nerve has two branches: The superficial perineal nerve gives rise to posterior scrotal or labial (cutaneous) branches, and the deep perineal nerve supplies the muscles of the deep and superficial perineal pouches, the skin of the vestibule, and the mucosa of the inferior most part of the vagina. The inferior rectal nerve communicates with the posterior scrotal or labial and perineal nerves. The dorsal nerve of the penis or clitoris is the primary sensory nerve serving the male or female organ, especially the sensitive glans at the distal end.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      31.3
      Seconds

  • Question 38 - Under which one of the following conditions is the pelvic inlet felt to...

    Incorrect

    • Under which one of the following conditions is the pelvic inlet felt to be contracted?

      Your Answer: The mother is short

      Correct Answer:

      Explanation:

      Contracted pelvis occurs when one or more of its diameters is reduced so that it interferes with the normal mechanism of labour. A transverse diameter below 11 cm will result in difficult delivery of the foetus and C-section will be the better option in that case

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      18.1
      Seconds

  • Question 39 - Bladder neck closure and relaxation of the bladder is mediated by? ...

    Incorrect

    • Bladder neck closure and relaxation of the bladder is mediated by?

      Your Answer: Parasympathetic Fibres T11,L1,L2

      Correct Answer: Sympathetic Fibres L1,L2

      Explanation:

      Remember SYMPATHETIC is STORAGE PARASYMPATHETIC is PEEING

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      10
      Seconds

  • Question 40 - Which of the following muscles is NOT a constituent of the pelvic floor...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following muscles is NOT a constituent of the pelvic floor (diaphragm)?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Piriformis

      Explanation:

      The pelvic floor or diaphragm is composed of Coccygeus and Levator Ani. Levitator Ani is composed of 3 muscles: puborectalis, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeal. Although Piriformis assists in closing the posterior pelvic outlet it is not considered a component of the pelvic floor

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      0
      Seconds

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