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  • Question 1 - You proceed to administer lorazepam intravenously to a 21-year-old patient with status epilepticus....

    Correct

    • You proceed to administer lorazepam intravenously to a 21-year-old patient with status epilepticus. Which of the following best describes lorazepam's action?

      Your Answer: Potentiates effect of GABA

      Explanation:

      Lorazepam is a type of benzodiazepine. Benzodiazepines are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonists with sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant characteristics that promote inhibitory synaptic transmission across the central nervous system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      7
      Seconds
  • Question 2 - A patient suffers a lower limb fracture that causes damage to the nerve...

    Correct

    • A patient suffers a lower limb fracture that causes damage to the nerve that innervates peroneus longus.Peroneus longus receives its innervation from which of the following nerves? Select ONE answer only.

      Your Answer: Superficial peroneal nerve

      Explanation:

      Peroneus brevis is innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve.Peroneus longus is innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve.Peroneus tertius is innervated by the deep peroneal nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      14.3
      Seconds
  • Question 3 - Which of the following nerves innervates the adductor brevis? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following nerves innervates the adductor brevis?

      Your Answer: Obturator nerve

      Explanation:

      Like the majority of the thigh adductors, adductor brevis is innervated by the obturator nerve. Obturator nerve is derived from the lumbar plexus (anterior branches of spinal nerves L2-L4).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      20.3
      Seconds
  • Question 4 - The pelvic bone is formed by which of the following: ...

    Correct

    • The pelvic bone is formed by which of the following:

      Your Answer: Ilium, ischium and pubis

      Explanation:

      Each pelvic bone is formed by three elements: the ilium (superiorly), the pubis (anteroinferiorly) and the ischium (posteroinferiorly).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen
      • Anatomy
      12.8
      Seconds
  • Question 5 - A patient presents with an adducted eye at rest which cannot abduct past...

    Correct

    • A patient presents with an adducted eye at rest which cannot abduct past the midline, which of the following cranial nerves is most likely to be affected:

      Your Answer: Abducens nerve

      Explanation:

      Abducens nerve palsies result in a convergent squint at rest (eye turned inwards) with inability to abduct the eye because of unopposed action of the rectus medialis. The patient complains of horizontal diplopia when looking towards the affected side. With complete paralysis, the eye cannot abduct past the midline.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Cranial Nerve Lesions
      179.7
      Seconds
  • Question 6 - Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of amitriptyline: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of amitriptyline:

      Your Answer: Hypokalaemia

      Explanation:

      Adverse effects include:Antimuscarinic effects: Dry mouth, Blurred vision, Constipation, Urinary retention, Sedation, ConfusionCardiovascular effects: Heart block, Arrhythmias, Tachycardia, Postural hypotension, QT-interval prolongation, Hepatic impairment, Narrow-angle glaucoma

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      28.9
      Seconds
  • Question 7 - An 18-year-old patient was brought to the ER after falling off of his...

    Incorrect

    • An 18-year-old patient was brought to the ER after falling off of his skateboard. He is unable to flex the distal interphalangeal joint of his index finger. You suspect that he suffers from a supracondylar fracture. Which of the following conditions would confirm supracondylar fracture?

      Your Answer: Loss of sensation over the lateral dorsum of the hand.

      Correct Answer: Inability to oppose the thumb

      Explanation:

      A supracondylar fracture is a fracture that occurs through the thin section of the distal humerus above the growth plate. A supracondylar fracture is most usually associated with median nerve injury. A medial nerve damage causes paralysis of the thenar muscles, as well as loss of thumb opposition.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      146.8
      Seconds
  • Question 8 - Which of the following statement is correct with regards to the female urethra?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statement is correct with regards to the female urethra?

      Your Answer: The internal urethral sphincter surrounds the urethra as it passes through the pelvic floor.

      Correct Answer: The urethra opens in the vestibule that lies between the labia minora.

      Explanation:

      The urethra in women is short (about 4 cm long), and begins at the base of the bladder. Its course runs inferiorly through the urogenital diaphragm, then into the perineum. It then opens in the vestibule which lies between the labia minora. The inferior aspect of the urethra is bound to the anterior surface of the vagina. The urethral opening is anterior to the vaginal opening in the vestibule. As the urethra passes through the pelvic floor, it is surrounded by the external urethral sphincter.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen
      • Anatomy
      27.1
      Seconds
  • Question 9 - Carbamazepine is indicated for all of the following EXCEPT for: ...

    Incorrect

    • Carbamazepine is indicated for all of the following EXCEPT for:

      Your Answer: Generalised tonic-clonic seizures

      Correct Answer: Myoclonic seizures

      Explanation:

      Carbamazepine is a drug of choice for simple and complex focal seizures and is a first-line treatment option for generalised tonic-clonic seizures. It is also used in trigeminal neuralgia and diabetic neuropathy. Carbamazepine may exacerbate tonic, atonic, myoclonic and absence seizures and is therefore not recommended if these seizures are present.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      6.9
      Seconds
  • Question 10 - At which opioid receptors do opioid analgesics act primarily? ...

    Correct

    • At which opioid receptors do opioid analgesics act primarily?

      Your Answer: Mu

      Explanation:

      Opioid receptors are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system. Opioid analgesics mimic endogenous opioid peptides by causing prolonged activation of these receptors, mainly the mu(μ)-receptors which are the most highly concentrated in brain areas involved in nociception.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      20.1
      Seconds
  • Question 11 - Which of the following is NOT a typical cerebellar sign: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is NOT a typical cerebellar sign:

      Your Answer: Hypertonia

      Explanation:

      Hypotonia means decreased muscle tone. It can be a condition on its own, called benign congenital hypotonia, or it can be indicative of another problem where there is progressive loss of muscle tone, such as muscular dystrophy or cerebral palsy. It is usually detected during infancy. Hypotonia is characteristic of cerebellar dysfunction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      10.4
      Seconds
  • Question 12 - A patient suffers from an injury and as a consequence, the nerve that...

    Correct

    • A patient suffers from an injury and as a consequence, the nerve that was damaged innervates the obturator internus muscle.In which of the following nerves is the obturator internus muscle innervated by?

      Your Answer: Nerve to obturator internus

      Explanation:

      The obturator internus is innervated by the obturator internus nerve (L5–S2), a branch of sacral plexus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      37.4
      Seconds
  • Question 13 - In a patient with an ongoing seizure, after what time period should treatment...

    Correct

    • In a patient with an ongoing seizure, after what time period should treatment be commenced?

      Your Answer: 5 minutes

      Explanation:

      Immediate emergency care and treatment should be given to children, young people and adults who have prolonged or repeated convulsive seizures.Prolonged seizures last 5 minutes or more. Repeated seizures refer to 3 or more seizures in an hour.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      3.4
      Seconds
  • Question 14 - Carbamazepine is contraindicated in which of the following: ...

    Correct

    • Carbamazepine is contraindicated in which of the following:

      Your Answer: Atrioventricular block

      Explanation:

      Carbamazepine is contraindicated in:- People with known hypersensitivity to carbamazepine or structurally related drugs- People with atrioventricular block (may suppress AV conduction and ventricular automaticity)- People with a history of bone marrow depression (risk of agranulocytosis and aplastic anaemia)- People with a history of acute porphyrias- People taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (risk of serotonin syndrome)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      9.5
      Seconds
  • Question 15 - An elderly man presents with bilateral lower facial swelling around the mandible and...

    Correct

    • An elderly man presents with bilateral lower facial swelling around the mandible and upper neck. A CT scan of his neck was performed and the results were conclusive with Ludwig's angina.Which of the following spaces is most likely affected based on the case presented?

      Your Answer: Submandibular space

      Explanation:

      Ludwig’s angina is life-threatening cellulitis of the soft tissue involving the floor of the mouth and neck. It involves three compartments of the floor of the mouth: the sublingual, submental, and submandibular.Ludwig’s angina usually originates as a dental infection of the second or third mandibular molars. The infection begins in the subgingival pocket and spreads to the musculature of the floor of the mouth. It progresses below the mylohyoid line, indicating that it has moved to the sublingual space. As the roots of the second and third mandibular molars lie below this line, infection of these teeth will predispose to Ludwig’s angina. The infection spreads lingually rather than buccally because the lingual aspect of the tooth socket is thinner. It initially spreads to the sublingual space and progresses to the submandibular space.The disease is usually polymicrobial, involving oral flora, both aerobes, and anaerobes. The most common organisms are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, and Actinomyces.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      42.3
      Seconds
  • Question 16 - The sensation produced by touching the arm with a vibrating tuning fork during...

    Correct

    • The sensation produced by touching the arm with a vibrating tuning fork during a neurological examination is mediated by which of the following spinal tracts:

      Your Answer: Posterior column

      Explanation:

      Fine-touch, proprioception and vibration sensation are mediated by the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      17.2
      Seconds
  • Question 17 - A 26-year-old man is involved in a motorcycle accident that results in an...

    Correct

    • A 26-year-old man is involved in a motorcycle accident that results in an open fracture of his tibia and fibula. The nerve that innervates peroneus tertius is damaged as a consequence of his injuries.Peroneus tertius receives its innervation from which of the following nerves? Select ONE answer only.

      Your Answer: Deep peroneal nerve

      Explanation:

      Peroneus brevis is innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve.Peroneus longus is innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve.Peroneus tertius is innervated by the deep peroneal nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      230
      Seconds
  • Question 18 - Regarding the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle, which of the following statements is true?...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle, which of the following statements is true?

      Your Answer: It assists with the abduction of the hand at the wrist joint

      Correct Answer: It receives its blood supply from the ulnar artery

      Explanation:

      Extensor carpi ulnaris is a fusiform muscle in the posterior forearm. It spans between the elbow and base of the little finger. This muscle belongs to the superficial forearm extensor group, along with anconaeus, brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum and extensor digiti minimi muscles.Like all the muscles of this compartment, extensor carpi ulnaris works as an extensor of the wrist. Moreover, due to its specific course, this muscle also acts to adduct the hand.Extensor carpi ulnaris is innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8), a branch of the deep division of the radial nerve. The radial nerve stems from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.Blood supply to the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle is provided by branches of the radial recurrent and posterior interosseous arteries, which stem from the radial and ulnar arteries, respectively.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      33.1
      Seconds
  • Question 19 - Regarding the hard palate, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the hard palate, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: The blood supply to the palate is derived from branches of the internal carotid artery.

      Correct Answer: Lymphatic vessels from the palate usually drain into deep cervical lymph nodes.

      Explanation:

      Lymphatic vessels from the pharynx and palate drain into the deep cervical lymph nodes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      147.2
      Seconds
  • Question 20 - A 70-year-old woman presents with right-sided loss of pain and temperature sense on...

    Incorrect

    • A 70-year-old woman presents with right-sided loss of pain and temperature sense on the body as well as left-sided loss of pain and temperature sense on the face. She also has complaints of vertigo, nausea, and tinnitus. Further examination of her cranial nerves suggest the presence of Horner's Syndrome. An MRI and CT scan was ordered and results showed that she is suffering from a left-sided stroke. Branches of which of the following arteries are most likely implicated in the case?

      Your Answer: Basilar artery

      Correct Answer: Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

      Explanation:

      Wallenberg syndrome is also known as lateral medullary syndrome and posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome. It is the most common posterior circulation ischemic stroke syndrome. The primary pathology of Wallenberg syndrome is occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) or one of its branches.It is characterized by vertigo with nystagmus, nausea and vomiting, and sometimes hiccups, dysphonia, dysarthria, and dysphagia often present with ipsilateral loss of gag reflex, ipsilateral ataxia with a tendency to fall to the ipsilateral side, pain and numbness with impaired facial sensation on the face, impaired taste sensation, and impaired pain and temperature sensation in the arms and legs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      177.2
      Seconds
  • Question 21 - The extensor digitorum longus is supplied by which nerve? ...

    Incorrect

    • The extensor digitorum longus is supplied by which nerve?

      Your Answer: Tibial nerve

      Correct Answer: Deep peroneal nerve

      Explanation:

      The extensor digitorum longus is innervated by the deep fibular nerve (L5, S1), a branch of the common fibular nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      91.2
      Seconds
  • Question 22 - A patient suffers a stab wound to the neck. The entry point of...

    Incorrect

    • A patient suffers a stab wound to the neck. The entry point of the blade is situated within the posterior triangle of the neck.Which of the following muscles is LEAST likely to be involved? Select ONE answer only.

      Your Answer: Anterior scalene

      Correct Answer: Sternohyoid

      Explanation:

      The anterior triangle is the triangular area of the neck found anteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. It is formed by the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid laterally, the median line of the neck medially and by the inferior border of the mandible superiorly. The apex of the anterior triangle extends towards the manubrium sterni. The anterior triangle contains:Muscles: thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid musclesOrgans: thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, larynx, trachea, esophagus, submandibular gland, caudal part of the parotid glandArteries: superior and inferior thyroid, common carotid, external carotid, internal carotid artery (and sinus), facial, submental, lingual arteriesVeins: anterior jugular veins, internal jugular, common facial, lingual, superior thyroid, middle thyroid veins, facial vein, submental vein, lingual veinsNerves: vagus nerve (CN X), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), part of sympathetic trunk, mylohyoid nerveThe posterior triangle is a triangular area found posteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. It has three borders; anterior, posterior and inferior borders. The anterior border is the posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The posterior border is the anterior margin of the trapezius muscle, while the inferior border is the middle one-third of the clavicle. The investing layer of deep cervical fascia and integument forms the roof of the space, while the floor is covered with the prevertebral fascia along with levator scapulae, splenius capitis and the scalene muscles. The inferior belly of omohyoid subdivides the posterior triangle into a small supraclavicular, and a large occipital, triangle.Contents:Vessels: the third part of the subclavian artery, suprascapular and transverse cervical branches of the thyrocervical trunk, external jugular vein, lymph nodesNerves: accessory nerve (CN XI), the trunks of the brachial plexus, fibers of the cervical plexus

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      19
      Seconds
  • Question 23 - A 24-year-old man goes to the emergency department with a fever, headache, and...

    Correct

    • A 24-year-old man goes to the emergency department with a fever, headache, and swollen parotid glands that are excruciating. You have a suspicion that it is mumps. Which of the following nerves is causing the discomfort the patient is experiencing:

      Your Answer: Auriculotemporal nerve

      Explanation:

      The auriculotemporal nerve is irritated by mumps, which results in significant discomfort due to inflammation and swelling of the parotid gland, as well as the stretching of its capsule. Compression caused by swallowing or chewing exacerbates pain.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      62.2
      Seconds
  • Question 24 - Which of these is NOT a lithium side effect: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of these is NOT a lithium side effect:

      Your Answer: Hyperthyroidism

      Correct Answer: Peptic ulcer disease

      Explanation:

      Adverse Effects of lithium IncludeLeucocytosis (most patients)Polyuria/polydipsia (30-50%)Dry mouth (20-50%)Hand tremor (45% initially, 10% after 1 year of treatment)Confusion (40%)Decreased memory (40%)Headache (40%)Muscle weakness (30% initially, 1% after 1 year of treatment)Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes (20-30%)Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea (10-30% initially, 1-10% after 1-2 years of treatment)Hyperreflexia (15%)Muscle twitch (15%)Vertigo (15%)Extrapyramidal symptoms, goitre (5%)Hypothyroidism (1-4%)Acne (1%)Hair thinning (1%)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      36.5
      Seconds
  • Question 25 - An injury to which nerve affects innervation to the adductor portion of the...

    Incorrect

    • An injury to which nerve affects innervation to the adductor portion of the adductor magnus?

      Your Answer: Anterior branch of the obturator nerve

      Correct Answer: Posterior branch of the obturator nerve

      Explanation:

      The nerves that supply the adductor magnus muscle have an embryologic origin from the anterior divisions of the lumbosacral plexus and include the obturator nerve, posterior division (L2-4), and the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve (L4). It is innervated by the posterior division of the obturator nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      399.6
      Seconds
  • Question 26 - A 39-year-old guy comes to the emergency room with a persistent nasal bleed....

    Incorrect

    • A 39-year-old guy comes to the emergency room with a persistent nasal bleed. You suspect the bleeding is coming from Little's area based on your examination. Which of the blood vessels listed below is most likely to be involved:

      Your Answer: Posterior superior alveolar and anterior ethmoidal arteries

      Correct Answer: Sphenopalatine and superior labial arteries

      Explanation:

      The Kiesselbach plexus is a vascular network formed by five arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the nasal septum, which refers to the wall separating the right and left sides of the nose. The five arteries that form the Kiesselbach plexus: the sphenopalatine artery, which branches from the maxillary artery originating behind the jawbone; the anterior ethmoidal artery, which branches from the ophthalmic artery behind the eye; the posterior ethmoidal artery, which also branches from the ophthalmic artery; the septal branch of the superior labial artery, which is a branch of the facial artery supplying blood to all of the superficial features of the face; and finally, the greater palatine artery, which is a terminal branch of the maxillary artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      98.3
      Seconds
  • Question 27 - At which vertebral level does the spinal cord normally end in adults? ...

    Correct

    • At which vertebral level does the spinal cord normally end in adults?

      Your Answer: L1/L2

      Explanation:

      The spinal cord starts at the foramen magnum, where it is continuous with the medulla oblongata, which is the most caudal portion of the brainstem.It then extends inferiorly through the vertebral canal. In adults, it usually ends at the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      3.3
      Seconds
  • Question 28 - Which of the following nerves supply the superficial head of the flexor pollicis...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following nerves supply the superficial head of the flexor pollicis brevis muscle?

      Your Answer: The deep branch of the ulnar nerve

      Correct Answer: The recurrent branch of the median nerve

      Explanation:

      The two heads of the flexor pollicis brevis usually differ in their innervation. The superficial head of flexor pollicis muscle receives nervous supply from the recurrent branch of the median nerve, whereas the deep head receives innervation from the deep branch of the ulnar nerve, derived from spinal roots C8 and T1.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      110.6
      Seconds
  • Question 29 - Which of the following ligaments supports the head of the talus? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following ligaments supports the head of the talus?

      Your Answer: Calcaneofibular ligament

      Correct Answer: Spring ligament

      Explanation:

      The spring-ligament complex is a significant medial arch stabilizer. The two important functions of this ligament include promoting the stability of the talonavicular joint by acting as a support for the talus head and by acting as a static support to maintain the medial longitudinal arch.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      75
      Seconds
  • Question 30 - Which of the following statements is true about anterior cord syndrome? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements is true about anterior cord syndrome?

      Your Answer: It has the best prognosis of the incomplete spinal cord injuries

      Correct Answer: There is preservation of proprioception

      Explanation:

      Anterior cord syndrome is an incomplete cord syndrome that predominantly affects the anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord, characteristically resulting in motor paralysis below the level of the lesion as well as the loss of pain and temperature at and below the level of the lesion. The patient presentation typically includes these two findings; however, there is variability depending on the portion of the spinal cord affected. Other findings include back pain, or autonomic dysfunction such as hypotension, neurogenic bowel or bladder, and sexual dysfunction. The severity of motor dysfunction can vary, typically resulting in paraplegia or quadriplegia.Proprioception, vibratory sense, two-point discrimination, and fine touch are not affected in anterior cord syndrome. These sensations are under the control of the dorsal column of the spinal cord, which is supplied by two posterior spinal arteries running in the posterior lateral sulci.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      11.8
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Central Nervous System (7/11) 64%
Pharmacology (5/7) 71%
Anatomy (11/23) 48%
Lower Limb (4/7) 57%
Abdomen (1/2) 50%
Cranial Nerve Lesions (1/1) 100%
Upper Limb (0/3) 0%
Head And Neck (3/6) 50%
Passmed