-
Question 1
Correct
-
You are going to prescribe a NSAID to a 50-year-old male patient for his back pain. Which of the following NSAIDs is least likely to cause gastrointestinal side effects:
Your Answer: Ibuprofen
Explanation:NSAIDs are associated with serious gastrointestinal irritation and drug-induced ulcers. Among the NSAIDs included in the choices, ibuprofen has the lowest risk. Piroxicam, ketoprofen, and ketorolac trometamol are associated with the highest risk of serious upper gastrointestinal side effects. Indomethacin, diclofenac, and naproxen are associated with an intermediate risk of serious upper gastrointestinal side effects.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Musculoskeletal
- Pharmacology
-
-
Question 2
Correct
-
Question 3
Correct
-
When treating diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which of the following should be given if the systolic blood pressure is initially less than 90 mmHg:
Your Answer: 500 mL sodium chloride 0.9% intravenous infusion over 10 - 15 minutes
Explanation:If SBP is less than 90 mmHg , 500 mL sodium chloride 0.9 percent should be administered intravenously over 10–15 minutes, and repeated if SBP remains less than 90 mmHg. When SBP is greater than 90 mmHg, sodium chloride infusion must be maintained at a rate that replaces the deficit.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrine
- Pharmacology
-
-
Question 4
Correct
-
Regarding the UK routine childhood immunisation schedule which of the following vaccines is given at 3 months:
Your Answer: Rotavirus
Explanation:At 3 months the following vaccines are given:Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib and hepatitis B (2nd dose)Pneumococcal (13 serotypes)Rotavirus (2nd dose)
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunoglobulins And Vaccines
- Pharmacology
-
-
Question 5
Incorrect
-
A 26-year-old man is involved in a motorcycle accident that results in an open fracture of his tibia and fibula. The nerve that innervates peroneus tertius is damaged as a consequence of his injuries.Peroneus tertius receives its innervation from which of the following nerves? Select ONE answer only.
Your Answer: Superficial peroneal nerve
Correct Answer: Deep peroneal nerve
Explanation:Peroneus brevis is innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve.Peroneus longus is innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve.Peroneus tertius is innervated by the deep peroneal nerve.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Lower Limb
-
-
Question 6
Incorrect
-
Which of the following statements is considered correct regarding Klebsiella infections?
Your Answer: Klebsiella pneumoniae is most commonly associated with chronic bronchiectasis
Correct Answer: Klebsiella spp. are non-motile
Explanation:Klebsiella is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile bacteria. The absence of motility distinguishes Klebsiella spp. from most other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. K. pneumoniae is the most commonly isolated species and has the distinct feature of possessing a large polysaccharide capsule. The capsule offers the organism protection against phagocytosis and antimicrobial absorption,contributing to its virulence. Colonization of gram-negative bacilli in the respiratory tracts of hospitalized patients, particularly by K. pneumoniae, increases with the length of hospital stay. It is a frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infections among hospitalized patients and in immunocompromised hosts such as newborns,elderly patients, and seriously ill patients on respirators.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Microbiology
- Specific Pathogen Groups
-
-
Question 7
Correct
-
Fatigue, dizziness upon standing, muscle weakness, weight loss, nausea, and sweating are all symptoms that a patient may experience in Addison's disease.Which of the following claims about Addison's disease is correct?Â
Your Answer: ACTH levels are elevated in primary insufficiency
Explanation:The adrenal glands produce too little steroid hormones, which causes Addison’s disease. The production of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex steroids are all altered. The most prevalent cause is autoimmune adrenalitis, which accounts for 70-80 percent of cases.It affects more women than males and occurs most frequently between the ages of 30 and 50.The following are some of the clinical signs and symptoms of Addison’s disease:Weakness and sluggishnessHypotension is a condition in which the blood pressure (notably orthostatic hypotension)Vomiting and nauseaLoss of weightAxillary and pubic hair lossDepressionHyperpigmentation is a condition in which a person’s (palmar creases, buccal mucosa and exposed areas more commonly affected)The following are the classic biochemical hallmarks of Addison’s disease:HyponatraemiaHyperkalaemiaHypercalcaemiaHypoglycaemiaAcidosis metabolicaWhen ACTH levels are combined with cortisol levels, it is possible to distinguish between primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency:In primary insufficiency, levels rise.In secondary insufficiency, levels are low or low normal.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrine Physiology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 8
Correct
-
One of the following pathogens is a conditional pathogen:
Your Answer: Neisseria meningitidis
Explanation:Obligate pathogens include Mycobacterium TB, HIV, Treponema pallidum, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Neisseria meningitidis, on the other hand, is a conditional pathogen.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Microbiology
- Principles
-
-
Question 9
Correct
-
A 77 year old lady presents to ED with her left leg shortened and externally rotated following slipping and falling on a wet bathroom floor. There is an intracapsular fracture of the neck of femur seen on imaging studies. She is at risk of avascular necrosis of the head of femur. This is caused by lack of blood supply from which of these arteries?
Your Answer: Medial circumflex artery
Explanation:The primary blood supply to the head of the femur is from branches of the medial femoral circumflex artery. The superior and inferior gluteal arteries supply the hip joint but not the head of femur.The lateral circumflex artery anastomoses with the medial femoral circumflex artery and assists in supplying the head of femur. The obturator artery is an important source of blood supply in children up to about 8 years. It gives rise to the artery of the head of femur which runs in the ligamentum teres and is insufficient to supply the head of femur in adults.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Lower Limb
-
-
Question 10
Incorrect
-
A 30-year-old man suffers from an open fracture of his forearm. As a consequence of his injury, the nerve that innervates the pronator quadratus muscle was severed. Which of the following statements regarding the pronator quadratus muscle is considered correct?
Your Answer: It assists with elbow flexion
Correct Answer: Its deep fibres bind the radius and ulna together
Explanation:Pronator quadratus is a deep-seated, short, flat, and quadrilateral muscle with fibres running in a parallel direction. It arises from the oblique ridge on the anterior surface of the distal fourth of the Ulna. It is inserted in lateral border and anterior surface of the distal fourth of the radius. It is innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the median nerve (C8-T1). It is vascularized by the anterior interosseous artery.The action of the pronator quadratus muscle along with the pronator teres result in the pronation of the radioulnar joint. Contraction of this muscle pulls the distal end of the radius over the ulna, resulting in the pronation of the radioulnar joint
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Upper Limb
-
-
Question 11
Correct
-
A 63-year-old man complains of chest pain and syncope on occasion. His heart rate is 37 beats per minute, and he has a second-degree heart block, according to his rhythm strip.Which of the following would be the most appropriate next step in his management, according to the ALS bradycardia algorithm?
Your Answer: Give atropine 500 mcg
Explanation:Atropine is used to treat bradycardia (sinus, atrial, or nodal) or AV block when the patient’s haemodynamic condition is compromised by the bradycardia.If any of the following adverse features are present, the ALS bradycardia algorithm recommends a dose of atropine 500 mcg IV:ShockSyncopeMyocardial ischemiaInsufficiency of the heartIf this does not work, give additional 500 mcg doses at 3-5 minute intervals until a maximum dose of 3 mg is reached. The heart rate can be slowed paradoxically if the dose is higher than 3 mg.The ALS bradycardia algorithm also suggests the following interim measures:Transcutaneous pacingIsoprenaline infusion 5 mcg/minAdrenaline infusion 2-10 mcg/minutesAlternative drugs (aminophylline, dopamine, glucagon, glycopyrrolate)
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology
- Pharmacology
-
-
Question 12
Correct
-
Which family of receptors does the glucagon receptor belong?
Your Answer: G-protein coupled receptors
Explanation:Glucagon binds to class B G-protein coupled receptors and activates adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP intracellularly. This activates protein kinase A. Protein kinase A phosphorylates and activates important enzymes in target cells.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrine Physiology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 13
Correct
-
A 45-year-old man had a painless superficial inguinal lymphadenopathy. It was later found to be malignant. Which of the following parts of the body is most likely the origin of this cancerous lymph node?
Your Answer: Anal canal
Explanation:A cancer of the anal canal below the pectinate line would spread to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes. Anal cancer often spreads through lymphatic drainage to the internal iliac lymph nodes in lesions above the pectinate line and to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes in lesions below the pectinate line.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Abdomen
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 14
Correct
-
A patient presents with pain in the wrist and a tingling in the hand. On examination Tinel's test is positive and you diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome. Regarding the carpal tunnel, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
Your Answer: The tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor pollicis longus lie within a single synovial sheath.
Explanation:Free movement of the tendons in the carpal tunnel is facilitated by synovial sheaths, which surround the tendons. All of the tendons of the FDP and FDS are contained within a single synovial sheath with a separate sheath enclosing the tendon of the FPL.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Upper Limb
-
-
Question 15
Correct
-
Regarding Legionella species which of the following statements is CORRECT:
Your Answer: They are Gram-negative organisms.
Explanation:Legionella pneumophilais a Gram negative bacterium that is found in natural water supplies and in the soil, transmitted predominantly via inhalation of aerosols generated from contaminated water (direct person-to-person spread of infected patients does not occur). It is the cause of Legionnaires’ disease. Outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease have been linked to poorly maintained air conditioning systems, whirlpool spas and hot tubs.The clinical features of the pneumonic form of Legionnaires’ disease include:Mild flu-like prodrome for 1-3 daysCough (usually non-productive and occurs in approximately 90%)Pleuritic chest painHaemoptysisHeadacheNausea, vomiting and diarrhoeaAnorexiaLegionella pneumophilainfections can be successfully treated with macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, or quinolones, such as ciprofloxacin. Tetracyclines, such as doxycycline, can also be used.The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) can occur with Legionnaires’ disease and will result in hyponatraemia as is seen in this case.Legionella pneumophilainfections are resistant to amoxicillin but can be successfully treated with macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, or quinolones, such as ciprofloxacin. Tetracyclines, such as doxycycline, can also be used. The majority of cases of Legionnaires’ disease are caused by Legionella pneumophila, however many other species of Legionella have been identified.Legionella longbeachae is another less commonly encountered species that has also been implicated in outbreaks. It is predominantly found in soil and potting compost, and has caused outbreaks of Pontiac fever, the non-respiratory and less severe variant of Legionnaires’ disease.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Microbiology
- Pathogens
-
-
Question 16
Incorrect
-
You see a patient in the ED with photophobia, petechial rash, headache and neck stiffness, and suspect a diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis.What is the most appropriate initial management?
Your Answer: Give benzylpenicillin 1.2 g IM
Correct Answer: Give ceftriaxone 2 g IV
Explanation:Treatment should be commenced with antibiotics immediately before laboratory confirmation due to the potentially life-threatening nature of the disease.In a hospital setting, 2g of IV ceftriaxone (80 mg/kg for a child) or IV cefotaxime (2 g adult; 80 mg/kg child) are the drugs of choice. In the prehospital setting, IM benzylpenicillin can be given as an alternative.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Microbiology
- Specific Pathogen Groups
-
-
Question 17
Correct
-
Which of the following clotting factors is NOT vitamin K-dependent:
Your Answer: V
Explanation:Fat-soluble vitamin K is obtained from green vegetables and bacterial synthesis in the gut. Deficiency may present in the newborn (haemorrhagic disease of the newborn) or in later life. Deficiency may be caused by an inadequate diet, malabsorption or inhibition of vitamin K by drugs such as warfarin. The activity of factors II, VII, IX and X are vitamin K dependent as well as that of protein C and protein S. Both PT and APTT are prolonged.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Haematology
- Pathology
-
-
Question 18
Incorrect
-
Intracellular [Ca2+] rise in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling is mainly as a result of:
Your Answer: Ca 2+ influx by the Ca 2+ ATPase pump
Correct Answer: Ca 2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
Explanation:Although Ca2+entry during the action potential (AP) is essential for contraction, it only accounts for about 25% of the rise in intracellular Ca2+. The rest is released from Ca2+stores in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). APs travel down invaginations of the sarcolemma called T-tubules, which are close to, but do not touch, the terminal cisternae of the SR. During the AP plateau, Ca2+enters the cell and activates Ca2+sensitive Ca2+release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum allowing stored Ca2+to flood into the cytosol; this is called Ca2+-induced Ca2+release. The amount of Ca2+released is dependent on how much is stored, and on the size of the initial Ca2+influx during the AP.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Physiology
-
-
Question 19
Incorrect
-
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT. Fick's law tells us that the rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane increases as:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: the partial pressure gradient decreases.
Explanation:Fick’s law tells us that the rate of diffusion of a gas increases: the larger the surface area involved in gas exchangethe greater the partial pressure gradient across the membranethe thinner the membranethe more soluble the gas in the membranethe lower the molecular weight of the gas
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
- Respiratory
-
-
Question 20
Incorrect
-
You come across a 60-year-old woman with a history of chronic pancreatitis. Today she is complaining of epigastric pain. She has blood tests done especially to review her cholecystokinin levels.Which of the following is a cholecystokinin (CCK) releasing site?Â
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: I-cells in the upper small intestine
Explanation:The I-cells in the duodenum generate and release cholecystokinin (CCK), a peptide hormone. It has a crucial role in the digestion process as a hormonal regulator.CCK cells are concentrated in the proximal small intestine, and when food is consumed, the hormone is produced into the bloodstream. The presence of partly digested lipids and proteins in the duodenum is one of the most powerful stimulus for CCK synthesis.CCK’s key physiological effects include:Encourages the pancreas to release digesting enzymes into the small intestine.Stimulates gallbladder contraction and sphincter of Oddi relaxation, resulting in bile delivery into the duodenum.Gastric emptying is inhibited, and gastric acid output is reduced.Satiety induction is a process that involves inducing a feeling of fullness.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal Physiology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 21
Incorrect
-
A 30-year-old rugby player suffers from an anterior cruciate ligament tear while pivoting to attempt to run around another player. An MRI was performed and showed that his injury caused two other structures in the knee joint to be injured. Which of the following structures is most likely also injured?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Medial meniscus
Explanation:The O’Donoghue unhappy triad or terrible triad often occurs in contact and non-contact sports, such as basketball, football, or rugby, when there is a lateral force applied to the knee while the foot is fixated on the ground. This produces an abduction-external rotation mechanism of injury.The O’Donoghue unhappy triad comprises three types of soft tissue injury that frequently tend to occur simultaneously in knee injuries. O’Donoghue described the injuries as: anterior cruciate ligament tear, medial collateral ligament injury, and medial meniscal tear (lateral compartment bone bruise).
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Lower Limb
-
-
Question 22
Incorrect
-
A 71-year-old woman presents with complaints of fatigue and worsening muscle weakness, and blood tests done shows a potassium level of 2.4 mmol/L.Which is NOT a recognised cause of hypokalaemia?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Type 4 renal tubular acidosis
Explanation:A plasma potassium less than 3.5 mmol/L defines hypokalaemia.Excessive liquorice ingestion causes hypermineralocorticoidism and leads to hypokalaemia.Gitelman’s syndrome causes metabolic alkalosis with hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia. It is an inherited defect of the distal convoluted tubules.Bartter’s syndrome causes hypokalaemic alkalosis. It is a rare inherited defect in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.Type 1 and 2 renal tubular acidosis both cause hypokalaemia Type 4 renal tubular acidosis causes hyperkalaemia.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
- Renal Physiology
-
-
Question 23
Incorrect
-
A 32-year-old woman diagnosed with hyperthyroidism has her T 4 levels grossly elevated and she is started on carbimazole.A release of which of the following from the hypothalamus is inhibited by increase in T4 levels?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Explanation:A negative feedback mechanism involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis controls the release of T3 and T4 into the bloodstream. When metabolic rate is low or serum T3 and/or T4 levels are decrease, this triggers the secretion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus.TRH goes to the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). An increased serum level of T3 and T4 inhibits the release of TRH.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrine Physiology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 24
Incorrect
-
A 55-year-old woman with a known history of bronchiectasis has lung function testing carried out and is found to have significant airways obstruction.Which of the following lung volumes or capacities is LEAST likely to be decreased in this case? Select ONE answer only.
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Functional residual capacity
Explanation:Obstructive lung disorders are characterised by airway obstruction. Many obstructive diseases of the lung result from narrowing of the smaller bronchi and larger bronchioles, often because of excessive contraction of the smooth muscle itself.In obstructive lung disease, FEV1is reduced to <80% of normal and FVC is usually reduced but to a lesser extent than FEV1. The FEV1/FVC ratio is reduced to 80% in the presence of symptomsModerate airflow obstruction = FEV1of 50-79%Severe airflow obstruction = FEV1of 30-49%Very severe airflow obstruction = FEV1<30%.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
- Respiratory Physiology
-
-
Question 25
Incorrect
-
Which of the following statements accurately describes the extensor indicis muscle?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: It lacks the juncturae tendinum
Explanation:Extensor indicis is a narrow, elongated muscle found in the posterior compartment of the forearm. It belongs to the deep extensors of the forearm, together with supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, and extensor pollicis brevis muscles. It lacks the juncturae tendinum, which connects the extensor digitorum on the dorsal aspect of the hand.Extensor indicis can be palpated by applying deep pressure over the lower part of the ulna while the index finger is extended. The main function of extensor indicis involves the extension of the index finger at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. As the index finger is one of the few fingers that have their own separate extensor muscle, it is able to extend independently from other fingers. Additionally, extensor indicis muscle produces a weak extension of the wrist.Extensor indicis receives its nervous supply from posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the radial nerve derived from spinal roots C7 and C8. The skin overlying the muscle is supplied by the same nerve, with fibres that stem from the spinal roots C6 and C7.The superficial surface of the extensor indicis receives arterial blood supply from posterior interosseous branch of the ulnar artery, whereas its deep surface receives blood from perforating branches of the anterior interosseous artery.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Upper Limb
-
-
Question 26
Incorrect
-
Regarding antimuscarinic antispasmodics, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: They are contraindicated in paralytic ileus.
Explanation:Antimuscarinics are contraindicated in paralytic ileus. Antimuscarinics reduce intestinal motility by blocking muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and relaxing smooth muscle. Hyoscine butylbromide is advocated as a gastrointestinal antispasmodic, but it is poorly absorbed and thus has limited clinical utility. Antimuscarinics cause a reduction in bronchial secretions (they can be used to this effect in palliative patients). Antispasmodics are occasionally of value in treating abdominal cramp associated with diarrhoea but they should not be used for primary treatment. Antispasmodics should be avoided in young children with gastroenteritis because they are rarely effective and have troublesome side effects.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Pharmacology
-
-
Question 27
Incorrect
-
You're currently treating an infection in a patient and trying to figure out which antibiotic would be best.Which of the following antimicrobial drugs inhibits the formation of cell walls?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Cefuroxime
Explanation:Cefuroxime and other cephalosporin antibiotics are bactericidal ß-lactam antibiotics. They work similarly to penicillins in that they prevent cross-linking between the linear peptidoglycan polymer chains that make up the bacterial cell wall. As a result, they prevent the formation of cell walls.The following is a summary of the various mechanisms of action of various types of antimicrobial agents:1) Inhibition of cell wall synthesisPenicillinsCephalosporinsVancomycin2) Disruption of cell membrane functionPolymyxinsNystatinAmphotericin B3) Inhibition of protein synthesisMacrolidesAminoglycosidesTetracyclinesChloramphenicol4) Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesisQuinolonesTrimethoprim5-nitroimidazolesRifampicin5) Anti-metabolic activitySulphonamidesIsoniazid
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Infections
- Pharmacology
-
-
Question 28
Incorrect
-
Which of the following statements about vitamin B12 absorption is TRUE:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: On ingestion, vitamin B12 is bound to R protein which protects it from digestion in the stomach.
Explanation:The substance intrinsic factor,essential for absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum, issecreted by the parietal cells along with the secretion ofhydrochloric acid. When the acid-producing parietalcells of the stomach are destroyed, which frequentlyoccurs in chronic gastritis, the person develops not onlyachlorhydria (lack of stomach acid secretion) but oftenalso pernicious anaemia because of failure of maturationof the red blood cells in the absence of vitamin B12 stimulation of the bone marrow.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Physiology
-
-
Question 29
Incorrect
-
A 17-year-old type I diabetic patient presents with abdominal pain and vomiting. Measurement of her blood glucose level is done and found to be grossly elevated. She is diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis. A fixed rate insulin infusion is given as part of her treatment.Which of these is an action of insulin?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Stimulates lipogenesis
Explanation:Insulin is an anabolic hormone. Its actions can be broadly divided into:Lipid metabolismProtein metabolism andCarbohydrate metabolismFor lipid metabolism, insulin:Stimulates lipogenesisInhibits lipolysis by lipaseFor carbohydrate metabolism, insulin:Decreases gluconeogenesisStimulates glycolysisPromotes glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissuePromotes glycogen storageIncreases glycogenesisDecreases glycogenolysisProtein metabolism:Stimulates protein synthesisAccelerates net formation of proteinStimulates amino acid uptakeInhibits protein degradationInhibits amino acid conversion to glucose
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrine Physiology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 30
Incorrect
-
A 45-year-old woman presents with persistent palpitations for the past two days. She has a good haemodynamic balance. An ECG is performed, which reveals that she has atrial flutter. The patient is examined by a cardiology registrar, who recommends using a 'rate control' strategy while she waits for cardioversion.Which of the drugs listed below is the best fit for this strategy?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Bisoprolol
Explanation:In atrial flutter, ventricular rate control is usually used as a stopgap measure until sinus rhythm can be restored. A beta-blocker (such as bisoprolol), diltiazem, or verapamil can be used to lower the heart rate.Electrical cardioversion, pharmacological cardioversion, or catheter ablation can all be used to restore sinus rhythm. Cardioversion should not be attempted until the patient has been fully anticoagulated for at least three weeks if the duration of atrial flutter is unknown or has lasted for more than 48 hours. Emergency electrical cardioversion is the treatment of choice when there is an acute presentation with haemodynamic compromise. For the treatment of recurrent atrial flutter, catheter ablation is preferred.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology
- Pharmacology
-
SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
