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  • Question 1 - A 12-year old boy is taken to the emergency room after accidentally falling...

    Correct

    • A 12-year old boy is taken to the emergency room after accidentally falling off the monkey bars. Witnesses of the accident reported that, when the patient fell, he hit his right hand on a bar and a loud thump was heard. On examination, the hand is oedematous, tender and erythematous. On ultrasound, a rupture of the flexor carpi ulnaris is noted.Which of the following statements is true regarding the flexor carpi ulnaris?

      Your Answer: It acts to adduct the hand at the wrist joint

      Explanation:

      Flexor carpi ulnaris is a fusiform muscle located in the anterior compartment of the forearm. It belongs to the superficial flexors of the forearm, along with pronator teres, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor carpi radialis. Flexor carpi ulnaris is the most medial of the superficial flexors.Innervation of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle is from the brachial plexus via the ulnar nerve (C7-T1).Flexor carpi ulnaris receives its arterial blood supply via three different routes. Proximally, a branch of the posterior ulnar recurrent artery supplies the muscle as it passes between the humeral and ulnar heads. Branches of the ulnar artery supply the middle and distal parts of the muscle, with an accessory supply also present distally via the inferior ulnar collateral artery.Due to its position and direction in the forearm, flexor carpi ulnaris can move the hand sideways as well as flexing it. Contracting with flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris produces flexion of the hand at the wrist joint. However, when it contracts alongside the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle in the posterior compartment, their counteracting forces produce adduction of the hand at the wrist, otherwise known as ulnar deviation or ulnar flexion

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      25.8
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Regarding bile acids, which of the following statements is INCORRECT: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding bile acids, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

      Your Answer: The main primary bile acids are deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid.

      Explanation:

      Bile acids have a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end and in aqueous solution, bile salts orient themselves around droplets of lipid forming micelles to keep the lipid droplets dispersed. The principal primary bile acids are cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. They are made more soluble by conjugation with taurine or glycine in the liver. Of the bile acids excreted into the intestine, about 95% are reabsorbed into the portal circulation by active transport mechanisms in the distal ileum and recycled by the liver.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      7.4
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which of the following is where the rectovesical fascia is located: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is where the rectovesical fascia is located:

      Your Answer: Between the fundus of the bladder and the ampulla of the rectum

      Explanation:

      In a triangular area between the vasa deferentia, the bladder and rectum are separated only by rectovesical fascia, commonly known as Denonvillier’s fascia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen
      • Anatomy
      8.8
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Innate, or non-specific, immunity is the immune system we are born with.Which of...

    Correct

    • Innate, or non-specific, immunity is the immune system we are born with.Which of the following is NOT an example of innate immunity? Select ONE answer only.

      Your Answer: T-lymphocytes

      Explanation:

      Innate, or non-specific, immunity is the immune system we are born with.There are three aspects of innate immunity:1. Anatomical barriers, such as:The cough reflexEnzymes in tears and skin oilsMucus – which traps bacteria and small particlesSkinStomach acid2. Humoral barriers, such as:The complement systemInterleukin-13. Cellular barriers, such as:NeutrophilsMacrophagesDendritic cellsNatural killer cellsAntibody production is part of the specific, or inducible immune response. T-lymphocytesare responsible for the cell mediated immune response which is part of specific, or inducible immunity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • General Pathology
      • Pathology
      12.1
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - CSF is reabsorbed from subarachnoid space via which of the following structures: ...

    Incorrect

    • CSF is reabsorbed from subarachnoid space via which of the following structures:

      Your Answer: Cerebral aqueduct

      Correct Answer: Arachnoid granulations

      Explanation:

      From the subarachnoid cisterns in the subarachnoid space, CSF is reabsorbed via arachnoid granulations which protrude into the dura mater, into the dural venous sinuses and from here back into the circulation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      2.8
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - All of the following predisposes to lithium toxicity in patients taking long-term therapy...

    Incorrect

    • All of the following predisposes to lithium toxicity in patients taking long-term therapy EXCEPT:

      Your Answer: Co-administration of NSAIDs

      Correct Answer: Hypernatraemia

      Explanation:

      A common complication of long term lithium therapy results in most cases of lithium intoxication. It is caused by reduced excretion of the drug which can be due to several factors including deterioration of renal function, dehydration, hyponatraemia, infections, and co-administration of diuretics or NSAIDs or other drugs that may interact.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      6.7
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Regarding NSAIDs, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding NSAIDs, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: In single doses, NSAIDs have far greater analgesic properties than paracetamol.

      Correct Answer: Diclofenac is contraindicated in people with ischaemic heart disease.

      Explanation:

      Due to their increased risk of cardiovascular adverse events, coxibs and diclofenac are contraindicated in people with ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease and mild, moderate, or severe heart failure. Other NSAIDs are only contraindicated in people with severe heart failure. Selective inhibition of COX-2 is associated with less gastrointestinal intolerance. In single doses NSAIDs have analgesic activity comparable to that of paracetamol, therefore given their side effect profile, paracetamol is preferred, particularly in the elderly. Pain relief starts soon after taking the first dose and a full analgesic effect should normally be obtained within a week, whereas an anti-inflammatory effect may not be achieved (or may not be clinically assessable) for up to 3 weeks. Mefenamic acid has only very mild anti-inflammatory properties.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Musculoskeletal
      • Pharmacology
      13.3
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - A 60 -year-old man is tested to have low calcium levels . After...

    Correct

    • A 60 -year-old man is tested to have low calcium levels . After additional questioning, it becomes clear that he has a calcium-deficient diet.What is the daily calcium intake recommendation for a healthy adult? 

      Your Answer: 1300 mg

      Explanation:

      A daily calcium intake of 1,000 to 1,300 mg is advised for adults. Women have a slightly higher calcium need than men and are at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis as they age.Calcium-rich foods include the following:Milk, cheese, and butter as dairy products.Broccoli, spinach, and green beans as green veggies.Bread, rice, and cereals as whole grain foods.Sardines, salmon, and other bony fishEggsNutsThe following foods have the least calcium:CarrotFruits such as kiwis, raspberries, oranges, and papayaChicken and pork in meats.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine Physiology
      • Physiology
      11.4
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - A 44 year old woman is brought to ED having fallen down the...

    Incorrect

    • A 44 year old woman is brought to ED having fallen down the stairs and injured her right arm. On examination she is unable to abduct her arm normally, and has weakness of lateral rotation. She has sensory loss over the lateral aspect of her upper arm. Which of the following injuries is most likely to produce this pattern of injury:

      Your Answer: Fracture of the medial epicondyle

      Correct Answer: Surgical neck of humerus fracture

      Explanation:

      Damage to the axillary nerve will result in loss of abduction past about 15 degrees and weakness of lateral rotation due to paralysis of the deltoid and teres minor and loss of sensation over the regimental badge area on the upper lateral arm. The axillary nerve is most likely injured in fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus due to its course where it winds around this region together with the posterior humeral circumflex vessels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      68.3
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Identify the type of graph described below:A graph that is a useful summary...

    Incorrect

    • Identify the type of graph described below:A graph that is a useful summary of a set of bivariate data (two variables), usually drawn before working out a linear correlation coefficient or fitting a regression line.

      Your Answer: Stem and leaf plot

      Correct Answer: Scatterplot

      Explanation:

      A scatterplot is a useful summary of a set of bivariate data (two variables), usually drawn before working out a linear correlation coefficient or fitting a regression line. It gives a good visual picture of the relationship between the two variables, and aids the interpretation of the correlation coefficient or regression model. Each unit contributes one point to the scatterplot, on which points are plotted but not joined. The resulting pattern indicates the type and strength of the relationship between the two variables.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Evidence Based Medicine
      64.1
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Campylobacter jejuni is primarily spread via which of the following routes: ...

    Correct

    • Campylobacter jejuni is primarily spread via which of the following routes:

      Your Answer: Faecal-oral route

      Explanation:

      Campylobacter spp. are a common cause of acute infective gastroenteritis, particularly in children, with Campylobacter jejuni responsible for 90% of Campylobacter gastroenteritis. Infection typically follows ingestion of contaminated meat (most frequently undercooked poultry), unpasteurised milk or contaminated water, following which the microorganism invades and colonises the mucosa of the small intestine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      5.5
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which of the following microbes attaches to host cells by its haemagglutinin antigen:...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following microbes attaches to host cells by its haemagglutinin antigen:

      Your Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae

      Correct Answer: Influenza virus

      Explanation:

      Hemagglutinin (HA) or Haemagglutinin (BE) is an antigenic glycoprotein found on the surface of the influenza viruses. It is responsible for binding the virus to the cell that is being infected. The name hemagglutinin comes from the protein’s ability to cause red blood cells (erythrocytes) to clump together (agglutinate) in vitro.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Principles
      12.8
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - A man presents to the emergency department with an injury that has damaged...

    Correct

    • A man presents to the emergency department with an injury that has damaged the opponens pollicis muscle.Which of the following statements regarding the opponens pollicis muscle is considered correct?

      Your Answer: It flexes the first metacarpal bone at the carpometacarpal joint

      Explanation:

      Opponens pollicis is a muscle of thenar eminence, it is triangular in shape and lies deep to flexor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis brevis. It originates from the flexor retinaculum, tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium, abductor pollicis longus tendon.Its insertion is in the radial side of the base of proximal phalanx of thumb. It is supplied by the median nerve (C8, T1). It receives blood supply from superficial arch.It flexes the metacarpal bone medially across the palm, also rotating it medially, causing opposition, the palmar aspect of the terminal segment of thumb contacts the flexor aspects of any other digit.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      104.8
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which coronary artery is mostly likely affected if an ECG shows ST segment...

    Correct

    • Which coronary artery is mostly likely affected if an ECG shows ST segment elevation in leads II, III and aVF, and ST segment depression in V1-V3?

      Your Answer: Right coronary artery

      Explanation:

      A posterior wall MI occurs when posterior myocardial tissue (now termed inferobasilar), usually supplied by the posterior descending artery — a branch of the right coronary artery in 80% of individuals — acutely loses blood supply due to intracoronary thrombosis in that vessel. This frequently coincides with an inferior wall MI due to the shared blood supply.The ECG findings of an acute posterior wall MI include the following:1. ST segment depression (not elevation) in the septal and anterior precordial leads (V1-V4). This occurs because these ECG leads will see the MI backwards; the leads are placed anteriorly, but the myocardial injury is posterior.2. A R/S wave ratio greater than 1 in leads V1 or V2.3. ST elevation in the posterior leads of a posterior ECG (leads V7-V9). Suspicion for a posterior MI must remain high, especially if inferior ST segment elevation is also present.4. ST segment elevation in the inferior leads (II, III and aVF) if an inferior MI is also present.The following ECG leads determine the location and vessels involved in myocardial infarction:ECG Leads Location Vessel involvedV1-V2 Septal wall Left anterior descendingV3-V4 Anterior wall Left anterior descendingV5-V6 Lateral wall Left circumflex arteryII, III, aVF Inferior wall Right coronary artery (80%) or Left circumflex artery (20%)I, aVL High lateral wall Left circumflex arteryV1, V4R Right ventricle Right coronary arteryV7-V9 Posterior wall Right coronary artery

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Thorax
      6.2
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - A 42-year-old woman with a history of hyposplenism arrives at the Emergency Department...

    Incorrect

    • A 42-year-old woman with a history of hyposplenism arrives at the Emergency Department sick and feverish. A complete set of bloods, including a peripheral blood film, is organised.On a hyposplenic blood film, which of the following features is LEAST likely to be seen?

      Your Answer: Howell-Jolly bodies

      Correct Answer: Teardrop cells

      Explanation:

      The collection of abnormalities found in these patients is referred to as a hyposplenic film.The following features can be seen on hyposplenic blood films:Howell-Jolly bodiesHeinz’s bodiesTarget cellsRBCs with nuclei on occasionLymphocytosisMacrocytosisAcanthocytesTeardrop cells, also known as dacrocytes, are named for their teardrop-shaped shape. Dacrocytosis is a condition in which a large number of these cells are present. Myelofibrosis and beta thalassemia major both have dacrocytes, but hyposplenism does not.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Pathology
      21
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Salivary glands produce saliva which is mostly water, but it also contains a...

    Correct

    • Salivary glands produce saliva which is mostly water, but it also contains a range of essential chemicals such as mucus, electrolytes, antibiotic agents, and enzymes.Which of the following is a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme found in saliva?

      Your Answer: Amylase

      Explanation:

      The acinar cells of the parotid and submandibular glands release amylase. Amylase begins starch digestion before food is even eaten, and it works best at a pH of 7.4.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal Physiology
      • Physiology
      17.2
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - During the second and third trimesters of her pregnancy, a 36-year-old woman is...

    Correct

    • During the second and third trimesters of her pregnancy, a 36-year-old woman is given a drug to treat a medical condition. The foetus has developed hypoperfusion and the oligohydramnios sequence as a result of this.Which of the following drugs is most likely to be the cause of these side effects?

      Your Answer: Ramipril

      Explanation:

      Hypoperfusion, renal failure, and the oligohydramnios sequence are all linked to ACE inhibitor use in the second and third trimesters. The oligohydramnios sequence refers to a foetus’ or neonate’s atypical physical appearance as a result of oligohydramnios in the uterus. It’s also linked to aortic arch obstructive malformations and patent ductus arteriosus.The inhibitory effects on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system appear to be the cause of these defects. To avoid these risks, ACE inhibitors should be stopped before the second trimester.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular Pharmacology
      • Pharmacology
      7.4
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Compliance is greater in all but which one of the following: ...

    Incorrect

    • Compliance is greater in all but which one of the following:

      Your Answer: Elderly

      Correct Answer: Pulmonary oedema

      Explanation:

      Compliance changes at different lung volumes. Initially at lower lung volumes the compliance of the lung is poor and greater pressure change is required to cause a change in volume. This occurs if the lungs become collapsed for a period of time. At functional residual capacity (FRC) compliance is optimal since the elastic recoil of the lung tending towards collapse is balanced by the tendency of the chest wall to spring outwards. At higher lung volumes the compliance of the lung again becomes less as the lung becomes stiffer. At all volumes, the base of the lung has a greater compliance than the apex. Patients with emphysema have increased compliance. Compliance is affected by a person’s age, sex and height.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Respiratory
      12.7
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which of the following is the most likely causative organism of acute epiglottitis...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is the most likely causative organism of acute epiglottitis in a 6 year old?

      Your Answer: Haemophilus influenzae

      Correct Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae

      Explanation:

      Since the introduction of the HIB vaccine, most cases of acute epiglottitis are now caused by Streptococcus spp. The condition is now rare in children.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Specific Pathogen Groups
      7.5
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Lidocaine's mechanism of action as a local aesthetic is as follows: ...

    Incorrect

    • Lidocaine's mechanism of action as a local aesthetic is as follows:

      Your Answer: Blocks opening of ligand-gated Na+ channels

      Correct Answer: Blocks influx of Na+ through voltage-gated Na+ channels

      Explanation:

      Local anaesthetics prevent generation/conduction of nerve impulses by reducing sodium permeability and increasing action potential threshold; inhibits depolarization, which results in blockade of conduction

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anaesthesia
      • Pharmacology
      6
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - A 53 year old women presents to the emergency room with a chronic...

    Incorrect

    • A 53 year old women presents to the emergency room with a chronic cough. The pulmonary receptors likely to be involved in causing her cough are:

      Your Answer: Juxtapulmonary (J) receptors

      Correct Answer: Irritant receptors

      Explanation:

      Throughout the airways, there are irritant receptors which are located between epithelial cells which are made of rapidly adapting afferent myelinated fibres in the vagus nerve. A cough is as a result of receptor stimulation located in the trachea, hyperpnoea is as a result of receptor stimulation in the lower airway. Stimulation may also result in reflex bronchial and laryngeal constriction. Many factors can stimulate irritant receptors. These include irritant gases, smoke and dust, airway deformation, pulmonary congestion, rapid inflation/deflation and inflammation. Deep augmented breaths or sighs seen every 5 – 20 minutes at rest are due to stimulation of these irritant receptors. This reverses the slow lung collapse that occurs in quiet breathing.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Respiratory
      11.7
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Depression of the eyeball is primarily produced by which of the following muscles: ...

    Incorrect

    • Depression of the eyeball is primarily produced by which of the following muscles:

      Your Answer: Inferior rectus and lateral rectus

      Correct Answer: Inferior rectus and superior oblique

      Explanation:

      Depression of the eyeball is produced by the inferior rectus and the superior oblique muscles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      12.8
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - You've been asked to give a discussion to a group of medical students...

    Incorrect

    • You've been asked to give a discussion to a group of medical students about skeletal muscle physiology and its use in clinical medicine. They pose a series of difficult questions to you.Which of the following definitions for the A-band of the sarcomere is correct?

      Your Answer: Zones of thin filaments extending from either side of the Z-lines

      Correct Answer: A band that contains the entire length of a single thick filament (myosin)

      Explanation:

      Myofibrils, which are around 1 m in diameter, make up each myofiber. The cytoplasm separates them and arranges them in a parallel pattern along the cell’s long axis. These myofibrils are made up of actin and myosin filaments that are repeated in sarcomeres, which are the myofiber’s basic functional units.Myofilaments are the filaments that make up myofibrils, and they’re made mostly of proteins. Myofilaments are divided into three categories:Myosin filaments are thick filaments made up mostly of the protein myosin.Actin filaments are thin filaments made up mostly of the protein actin.Elastic filaments are mostly made up of the protein titin.The sarcomere is a Z-line segment that connects two adjacent Z-lines.The I-bands are thin filament zones that run from either side of the Z-lines to the thick filament’s beginning.Between the I-bands is the A-band, which spans the length of a single thick filament.The H-zone is a zone of thick filaments that is not overlaid by thin filaments in the sarcomere’s centre. The H-zone keeps the myosin filaments in place by surrounding them with six actin filaments each.The M-band (or M-line) is a disc of cross-connecting cytoskeleton elements in the centre of the H-zone.The thick filament is primarily made up of myosin. The thin filament is primarily made up of actin. Actin, tropomyosin, and troponin are found in a 7:1:1 ratio in thin filaments.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Cellular Physiology
      • Physiology
      25.6
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Which of the following statements is false regarding the biceps brachii muscle? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements is false regarding the biceps brachii muscle?

      Your Answer: It weakly assists with flexion of the arm at the shoulder

      Correct Answer: It pronates the radioulnar joint in the forearm

      Explanation:

      The biceps brachii muscle is one of the chief muscles of the arm. The origin at the scapula and the insertion into the radius of the biceps brachii means it can act on both the shoulder joint and the elbow joint, which is why this muscle participates in a few movements of the arm. It derives its name from its two heads which merge in one unique distal body, defining the unusual structure of the muscle.The biceps brachii muscle is supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6), a branch of the brachial plexus.Arterial supply to the biceps brachii muscle varies considerably, coming from up to eight vessels originating from the brachial artery in the middle third of the arm.In the shoulder joint both muscle heads partially enforce opposite movements. The long head pulls the arm away from the trunk (abduction) and turns it inwards (inward rotation) whereas the short head pulls the arm back towards the trunk (adduction). When both heads contract simultaneously it leads to an arm bend (flexion). In the elbow joint the muscle bends the forearm (flexion) and rotates it outwards (supination). The supination is most powerful in a flexed elbow. In addition to the movement functions, the biceps has the important task to support the humeral head within the shoulder joint. Its antagonist is the triceps brachii in the posterior compartment of the arm.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      22.1
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - A 30-year-old male with a known allergy to natural latex rubber presents with...

    Correct

    • A 30-year-old male with a known allergy to natural latex rubber presents with an allergic reaction to a food he has just eaten. Which ONE of these foods is most likely to cause an associated hypersensitivity in him?

      Your Answer: Banana

      Explanation:

      About one third of patients with allergy to natural latex rubber (NRL) have an associated allergy to some plant-derived foods. It is known as the latex-fruit syndrome and occurs commonly with consumption of fresh fruits. Banana and avocado are the most implicated fruits but it can also be seen with tomato, kiwi and chestnut.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • General Pathology
      • Pathology
      3.1
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - When treating diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which of the following should be given if...

    Correct

    • When treating diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which of the following should be given if the systolic blood pressure is initially less than 90 mmHg:

      Your Answer: 500 mL sodium chloride 0.9% intravenous infusion over 10 - 15 minutes

      Explanation:

      If SBP is less than 90 mmHg , 500 mL sodium chloride 0.9 percent should be administered intravenously over 10–15 minutes, and repeated if SBP remains less than 90 mmHg. When SBP is greater than 90 mmHg, sodium chloride infusion must be maintained at a rate that replaces the deficit.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine
      • Pharmacology
      10.2
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Which of the following nerves is responsible for the symptoms of a patient...

    Correct

    • Which of the following nerves is responsible for the symptoms of a patient with history of recurrent herpes simplex outbreaks on his face and presents with ophthalmic herpes zoster and a painful vesicle on the tip of his nose?

      Your Answer: Nasociliary nerve

      Explanation:

      Hutchinson sign relates to involvement of the tip of the nose from facial herpes zoster. It implies involvement of the external nasal branch of the nasociliary nerve which is a branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. The nasociliary branch of the trigeminal nerve innervates the apex and lateral aspect of the nose, as well as the cornea. Therefore, lesions on the side or tip of the nose should raise suspicion of ocular involvement.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Specific Pathogen Groups
      12.4
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - ACE inhibitors are indicated for all of the following EXCEPT for: ...

    Correct

    • ACE inhibitors are indicated for all of the following EXCEPT for:

      Your Answer: Angina

      Explanation:

      ACE inhibitors have many uses and are generally well tolerated. They are indicated for:Heart failureHypertensionDiabetic nephropathySecondary prevention of cardiovascular events

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Pharmacology
      12.8
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - A 66-year-old female who is a known case of atrial fibrillation comes to...

    Correct

    • A 66-year-old female who is a known case of atrial fibrillation comes to the Emergency Department with the complaint of fever and vomiting for the past two days. When her medical chart is reviewed, you see that she takes Warfarin for her arrhythmia. Which ONE of the following medications cannot be prescribed to this patient?

      Your Answer: Ibuprofen

      Explanation:

      Like other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Ibuprofen cannot be given with Warfarin as it would increase the bleeding risk of this patient.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular Pharmacology
      • Pharmacology
      12.6
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - A patient suffers a stab wound to the neck. The entry point of...

    Correct

    • A patient suffers a stab wound to the neck. The entry point of the blade is situated within the anterior triangle of the neck.Which of the following muscles is most likely to be involved? Select ONE answer only.

      Your Answer: Sternothyroid

      Explanation:

      The anterior triangle is the triangular area of the neck found anteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. It is formed by the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid laterally, the median line of the neck medially and by the inferior border of the mandible superiorly. The apex of the anterior triangle extends towards the manubrium sterni. The anterior triangle contains:Muscles: thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid musclesOrgans: thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, larynx, trachea, esophagus, submandibular gland, caudal part of the parotid glandArteries: superior and inferior thyroid, common carotid, external carotid, internal carotid artery (and sinus), facial, submental, lingual arteriesVeins: anterior jugular veins, internal jugular, common facial, lingual, superior thyroid, middle thyroid veins, facial vein, submental vein, lingual veinsNerves: vagus nerve (CN X), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), part of sympathetic trunk, mylohyoid nerveThe posterior triangle is a triangular area found posteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. It has three borders; anterior, posterior and inferior borders. The anterior border is the posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The posterior border is the anterior margin of the trapezius muscle, while the inferior border is the middle one-third of the clavicle. The investing layer of deep cervical fascia and integument forms the roof of the space, while the floor is covered with the prevertebral fascia along with levator scapulae, splenius capitis and the scalene muscles. The inferior belly of omohyoid subdivides the posterior triangle into a small supraclavicular, and a large occipital, triangle.Contents:Vessels: the third part of the subclavian artery, suprascapular and transverse cervical branches of the thyrocervical trunk, external jugular vein, lymph nodesNerves: accessory nerve (CN XI), the trunks of the brachial plexus, fibers of the cervical plexus

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      7.8
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Anatomy (5/9) 56%
Upper Limb (2/4) 50%
Gastrointestinal (1/1) 100%
Physiology (3/6) 50%
Abdomen (1/1) 100%
General Pathology (2/2) 100%
Pathology (2/3) 67%
Central Nervous System (0/2) 0%
Pharmacology (4/7) 57%
Musculoskeletal (0/1) 0%
Endocrine Physiology (1/1) 100%
Evidence Based Medicine (0/1) 0%
Microbiology (2/4) 50%
Pathogens (1/1) 100%
Principles (0/1) 0%
Thorax (1/1) 100%
Haematology (0/1) 0%
Gastrointestinal Physiology (1/1) 100%
Cardiovascular Pharmacology (2/2) 100%
Respiratory (0/2) 0%
Specific Pathogen Groups (1/2) 50%
Anaesthesia (0/1) 0%
Head And Neck (1/2) 50%
Basic Cellular Physiology (0/1) 0%
Endocrine (1/1) 100%
Cardiovascular (1/1) 100%
Passmed
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