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  • Question 1 - What condition is linked to a deficiency in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase? ...

    Correct

    • What condition is linked to a deficiency in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase?

      Your Answer: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

      Explanation:

      Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: A Rare Genetic Disorder

      Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that causes the overproduction and accumulation of uric acid in the body, leading to various health problems such as gouty arthritis, kidney stones, and subcutaneous tophi. The condition primarily affects males and is caused by mutations in the HPRT gene located on the X-chromosome.

      People with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome typically experience motor disability, including severe dystonia, hypotonia, and choreoathetosis, which can make it difficult of impossible for them to walk of sit without assistance. They may also exhibit self-injurious behavior, such as biting and head-banging, which is the most common and distinctive behavioral problem associated with the condition. Intellectual disability is common, but severe cognitive impairment is rare.

      The absence of the HPRT enzyme, which is responsible for recycling purine bases, leads to the accumulation of uric acid and affects the development of specific neural pathways in the brain, particularly the mesotelencephalic dopamine pathways. This disruption is likely responsible for the motor disability and behavioral peculiarities associated with the condition.

      Treatment for self-injurious behavior typically involves the use of protective restraints applied to the limbs, trunk, of head to prevent self-hitting of self-biting. Dental extraction may be necessary in cases of lip of tongue biting. Behavior modification methods that involve extinction may also be used, but neuroleptics may be required during particularly stressful of difficult behavior periods. However, these medications should only be used transiently due to their sedative effects and potential side-effects.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      10.5
      Seconds
  • Question 2 - At what IQ level is someone considered to have a profound intellectual disability?...

    Correct

    • At what IQ level is someone considered to have a profound intellectual disability?

      Your Answer: <20

      Explanation:

      Classification of Intellectual Disability

      Intellectual disability affects approximately 2% of the general population, with an estimated 828,000 adults aged 18 of older affected in England alone. Those with an IQ below 70 are considered to have an intellectual disability, with the average IQ being 100. The severity of intellectual disability is categorized based on IQ scores, with mild intellectual disability being the most common (85% of cases) and profound intellectual disability being the least common (1-2% of cases). People with intellectual disability may require varying levels of support in their daily lives, depending on their individual needs. It is important to use the preferred term ‘people with intellectual disability’ when referring to individuals with this condition.

      Level IQ Range
      Mild IQ 52–69
      Moderate IQ 36–51
      Severe IQ 20–35
      Profound IQ 19 or below

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      6.9
      Seconds
  • Question 3 - What is the most frequently observed symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder among individuals...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most frequently observed symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder among individuals with learning disabilities?

      Your Answer: Avoidance

      Correct Answer: Aggression

      Explanation:

      Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in People with Learning Difficulties

      Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can present differently in people with learning difficulties compared to those without. While nightmares, jumpiness, and sleep disturbance are common in the general population, aggression and behavioral disturbance are more common in those with learning disabilities. Other symptoms may include disruptive of defiant behavior, self-harm, agitation, distractibility, and depressed mood.

      The most common cause of PTSD in people with learning difficulties is abuse. Treatment for PTSD in this population is similar to that for those without learning difficulties, including trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) of venlafaxine as an alternative of combined. However, the therapy must be tailored to the individual’s ability to understand and communicate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      78.2
      Seconds
  • Question 4 - What is the most frequent genetic factor that leads to learning disabilities? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most frequent genetic factor that leads to learning disabilities?

      Your Answer: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

      Correct Answer: Fragile X syndrome

      Explanation:

      Aetiology of Intellectual Disability

      Intellectual disability (ID), previously known as learning disability, affects between 1% and 3% of the global population. The severity of ID varies, with mild cases being the most common, affecting around 85% of those with the condition. Moderate, severe, and profound cases affect 10%, 4%, and 2% of the population, respectively. The cause of ID can be attributed to environmental and/of genetic factors, although up to 60% of cases have no identifiable cause. Genetic factors are responsible for 25-50% of cases, with the likelihood increasing with the severity of the condition. Down Syndrome is the most common genetic cause of ID, while Fragile X syndrome is the most common X-linked cause and the second most common genetic cause of learning difficulty. Foetal alcohol syndrome is the most common acquired form of ID.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      13.1
      Seconds
  • Question 5 - What is the estimated percentage of Japanese children who experience a one-year delay...

    Incorrect

    • What is the estimated percentage of Japanese children who experience a one-year delay in their reading ability?

      Your Answer: 23%

      Correct Answer: 16%

      Explanation:

      Reading Difficulties in Japan: Evidence Against the Myth of Rarity

      The prevalence of reading disabilities in a sample of 250 Japanese children aged 8.5-13.4 years was assessed using a standardized reading ability test. The results revealed that 16.4% of the children had a one-year delay in reading ability, while 15.2% had a two-year delay. These findings contradict Makita’s (1968) claim that reading disabilities are rare in Japan. The study highlights the need for further research and support for children with reading difficulties in Japan.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      13.3
      Seconds
  • Question 6 - What is a true statement about Lesch-Nyhan syndrome? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is a true statement about Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?

      Your Answer: Those affected tend to have moderate to severe intellectual disability

      Correct Answer: The condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern

      Explanation:

      Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: A Rare Genetic Disorder

      Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that causes the overproduction and accumulation of uric acid in the body, leading to various health problems such as gouty arthritis, kidney stones, and subcutaneous tophi. The condition primarily affects males and is caused by mutations in the HPRT gene located on the X-chromosome.

      People with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome typically experience motor disability, including severe dystonia, hypotonia, and choreoathetosis, which can make it difficult of impossible for them to walk of sit without assistance. They may also exhibit self-injurious behavior, such as biting and head-banging, which is the most common and distinctive behavioral problem associated with the condition. Intellectual disability is common, but severe cognitive impairment is rare.

      The absence of the HPRT enzyme, which is responsible for recycling purine bases, leads to the accumulation of uric acid and affects the development of specific neural pathways in the brain, particularly the mesotelencephalic dopamine pathways. This disruption is likely responsible for the motor disability and behavioral peculiarities associated with the condition.

      Treatment for self-injurious behavior typically involves the use of protective restraints applied to the limbs, trunk, of head to prevent self-hitting of self-biting. Dental extraction may be necessary in cases of lip of tongue biting. Behavior modification methods that involve extinction may also be used, but neuroleptics may be required during particularly stressful of difficult behavior periods. However, these medications should only be used transiently due to their sedative effects and potential side-effects.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      102.9
      Seconds
  • Question 7 - What does the term diagnostic overshadowing refer to in the context of learning...

    Correct

    • What does the term diagnostic overshadowing refer to in the context of learning disabilities?

      Your Answer: The assumption that the presence of a learning disability explains the entire patient's behaviour

      Explanation:

      Diagnostic Shadowing: The Danger of Assuming One Condition Explains All

      Diagnostic shadowing refers to the risk of assuming that a single condition can account for all of a patient’s behavior of symptoms. This can lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. For instance, a patient with a learning disability may be assumed to be aggressive solely due to their disability, when in fact they may have an underlying condition such as schizophrenia that has not been identified. Failing to recognize this underlying condition can result in ineffective treatment and a failure to address the root cause of the patient’s behavior. It is important for healthcare professionals to be aware of the potential for diagnostic shadowing and to consider all possible explanations for a patient’s symptoms. By doing so, they can provide more accurate diagnoses and better care for their patients.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      463.5
      Seconds
  • Question 8 - What is the most precise estimation of the occurrence of mental health disorders...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most precise estimation of the occurrence of mental health disorders among adults who have learning disabilities?

      Your Answer: 15%

      Correct Answer: 40%

      Explanation:

      Learning Disability and comorbid Psychiatric Illness

      It is estimated that 30-50% of adults with learning disabilities also experience mental health problems, including problem behavior. Specific prevalence rates for various mental health disorders in this population have been identified through research. For example, psychotic disorders are present in 4% of adults with learning disabilities, while affective disorders are present in 6%. Autism is the most prevalent disorder, affecting 7.5% of this population.

      It is important to note that major depressive disorder can occur at all IQ levels in people with learning disabilities, but may be missed of misinterpreted as challenging behavior. Additionally, individuals with learning disabilities are more susceptible to the negative effects of life events and may develop adjustment disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder is also common in this population.

      Stimulant drugs may be less effective in children with learning disabilities and should be used with caution in individuals with Tourette’s of autism, as they may trigger tics. Overall, it is crucial to recognize and address comorbid psychiatric illness in individuals with learning disabilities to ensure appropriate treatment and support.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      18.4
      Seconds
  • Question 9 - For whom was Makaton, a type of sign language, specifically developed? ...

    Correct

    • For whom was Makaton, a type of sign language, specifically developed?

      Your Answer: Learning difficulties

      Explanation:

      Makaton: A Language Programme for Communication and Language Difficulties

      Makaton is a unique form of sign language that serves as a language programme for individuals with communication and language difficulties. Unlike British Sign Language, Makaton combines verbal communication with non-verbal signs and actions to enhance communication. The programme includes a core vocabulary of carefully selected concepts and ideas that are deemed most suitable for the needs of children and adults with communication and language difficulties. Makaton is an effective tool for improving communication and promoting inclusivity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      102.5
      Seconds
  • Question 10 - What is the average full scale IQ in individuals with Turner syndrome at...

    Incorrect

    • What is the average full scale IQ in individuals with Turner syndrome at different ages?

      Your Answer: 50

      Correct Answer: 90

      Explanation:

      Understanding Turner Syndrome

      Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects only females. It occurs when one of the two X chromosomes is missing of partially missing. This happens randomly and does not increase the risk of the condition in future siblings. Although X-inactivation occurs in females, having only one X chromosome can cause issues as not all genes are inactivated in the inactivated X chromosome.

      The features of Turner syndrome include short stature, a webbed neck, a broad chest with widely spaced nipples, gonadal dysfunction leading to amenorrhea and infertility, congenital heart disease, and hypothyroidism. Despite these physical characteristics, girls with Turner syndrome typically have normal intelligence, with a mean full-scale IQ of 90. However, they may struggle with nonverbal, social, and psychomotor skills. It is important to understand the symptoms and effects of Turner syndrome to provide appropriate care and support for affected individuals.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      23
      Seconds
  • Question 11 - What is the approximate occurrence rate of psychotic disorder among individuals with learning...

    Correct

    • What is the approximate occurrence rate of psychotic disorder among individuals with learning disabilities?

      Your Answer: 4%

      Explanation:

      Learning Disability and comorbid Psychiatric Illness

      It is estimated that 30-50% of adults with learning disabilities also experience mental health problems, including problem behavior. Specific prevalence rates for various mental health disorders in this population have been identified through research. For example, psychotic disorders are present in 4% of adults with learning disabilities, while affective disorders are present in 6%. Autism is the most prevalent disorder, affecting 7.5% of this population.

      It is important to note that major depressive disorder can occur at all IQ levels in people with learning disabilities, but may be missed of misinterpreted as challenging behavior. Additionally, individuals with learning disabilities are more susceptible to the negative effects of life events and may develop adjustment disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder is also common in this population.

      Stimulant drugs may be less effective in children with learning disabilities and should be used with caution in individuals with Tourette’s of autism, as they may trigger tics. Overall, it is crucial to recognize and address comorbid psychiatric illness in individuals with learning disabilities to ensure appropriate treatment and support.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      11.9
      Seconds
  • Question 12 - Which statement accurately describes the epidemiology of intellectual disability? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which statement accurately describes the epidemiology of intellectual disability?

      Your Answer: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the most common cause of intellectual disability

      Correct Answer: Approximately 2% of the general population is estimated to have an intellectual disability

      Explanation:

      Intellectual disability is estimated to affect around 1-3% of the overall population, with Down syndrome being the most prevalent cause. Fragile X is believed to occur in about 1 out of every 3600 males and 1 out of every 4000-6000 females.

      Classification of Intellectual Disability

      Intellectual disability affects approximately 2% of the general population, with an estimated 828,000 adults aged 18 of older affected in England alone. Those with an IQ below 70 are considered to have an intellectual disability, with the average IQ being 100. The severity of intellectual disability is categorized based on IQ scores, with mild intellectual disability being the most common (85% of cases) and profound intellectual disability being the least common (1-2% of cases). People with intellectual disability may require varying levels of support in their daily lives, depending on their individual needs. It is important to use the preferred term ‘people with intellectual disability’ when referring to individuals with this condition.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      42.7
      Seconds
  • Question 13 - What is the most precise estimation of the occurrence of problematic behaviors among...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most precise estimation of the occurrence of problematic behaviors among adults who have learning disabilities?

      Your Answer: 12%

      Correct Answer: 20%

      Explanation:

      Learning Disability and comorbid Psychiatric Illness

      It is estimated that 30-50% of adults with learning disabilities also experience mental health problems, including problem behavior. Specific prevalence rates for various mental health disorders in this population have been identified through research. For example, psychotic disorders are present in 4% of adults with learning disabilities, while affective disorders are present in 6%. Autism is the most prevalent disorder, affecting 7.5% of this population.

      It is important to note that major depressive disorder can occur at all IQ levels in people with learning disabilities, but may be missed of misinterpreted as challenging behavior. Additionally, individuals with learning disabilities are more susceptible to the negative effects of life events and may develop adjustment disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder is also common in this population.

      Stimulant drugs may be less effective in children with learning disabilities and should be used with caution in individuals with Tourette’s of autism, as they may trigger tics. Overall, it is crucial to recognize and address comorbid psychiatric illness in individuals with learning disabilities to ensure appropriate treatment and support.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      64.6
      Seconds
  • Question 14 - What assessment tool would be most suitable for determining if a 55-year-old patient...

    Correct

    • What assessment tool would be most suitable for determining if a 55-year-old patient with Down's syndrome is showing signs of Alzheimer's disease?

      Your Answer: DLD

      Explanation:

      The CAMDEX assessment is not effective in detecting dementia in adults with learning disabilities, whose developmental ages are typically between 2 and 10 years. However, the Dementia Questionnaire for People with Learning Disabilities (DLD) is a useful tool for early detection of dementia in this population. For individuals with Down’s syndrome, an adapted version of the CAMDEX called the CAMDEX-DS can be utilized.

      Assessment of Dementia in Down’s Syndrome

      Individuals with Down’s syndrome are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. However, the commonly used MMSE test is not effective in assisting diagnosis in this population. Instead, two alternative tests are recommended: the Dementia Questionnaire for people with Learning Disabilities (DLD), previously known as the Dementia Questionnaire for Persons with Mental Retardation (DMR), and the Dementia Scale for Down Syndrome (DSDS). These tests are specifically designed to assess cognitive decline in individuals with Down’s syndrome and can aid in the early detection and management of dementia in this population.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      18.6
      Seconds
  • Question 15 - What factors could potentially raise the likelihood of a couple having a second...

    Incorrect

    • What factors could potentially raise the likelihood of a couple having a second child with Down's syndrome, given that they already have one child with the condition?

      Your Answer: Trisomy 21

      Correct Answer: Translocation at chromosome 21

      Explanation:

      The majority of Down syndrome cases are not passed down through inheritance. Trisomy 21, which causes the condition, typically occurs randomly during nondisjunction. Mosaic Down syndrome also arises randomly during early fetal development. However, Translocation Down syndrome can be inherited. A person without the condition may carry a balanced translocation, which involves a rearrangement of genetic material between chromosome 21 and another chromosome. This type of translocation does not result in extra material from chromosome 21, and carriers do not exhibit Down syndrome symptoms. Nevertheless, they have a higher likelihood of having children with the condition.

      Down Syndrome: Causes and Risk Factors

      Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of extra genetic material from chromosome 21. There are three different types of Down syndrome, each with its own cause and inheritance pattern. The most common form, full trisomy 21, is not inherited and accounts for 95% of cases. It occurs when there is a failure of chromosome 21 to separate properly during cell division, resulting in an extra copy of the chromosome. This can happen randomly, with the extra chromosome coming from the mother 88% of the time and from the father 12% of the time.

      The second type, translocation Down syndrome, is inherited and accounts for 2-3% of cases. It occurs when a piece of chromosome 21 breaks off and attaches to another chromosome, resulting in extra genetic material. This type of Down syndrome is caused by a balanced translocation, which means that the parent carrying the translocation has no signs of symptoms of the disorder.

      The third type, mosaic Down syndrome, is not inherited and also accounts for 2-3% of cases. It occurs as a random event during cell division early in fetal development, resulting in some cells having an extra copy of chromosome 21 while others do not.

      The risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases as a mother gets older. At age 35, the risk is 1 in 385; at age 40, the risk is 1 in 106; and at age 45, the risk is 1 in 30. It is important for women to be aware of these risk factors and to discuss them with their healthcare provider if they are planning to have a child.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      21.6
      Seconds
  • Question 16 - What is the primary factor that leads to PTSD in individuals with learning...

    Correct

    • What is the primary factor that leads to PTSD in individuals with learning disabilities?

      Your Answer: Abuse

      Explanation:

      Both individuals with and without learning difficulties are more likely to develop PTSD if they perceive the trauma to be intentional or deliberate.

      Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in People with Learning Difficulties

      Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can present differently in people with learning difficulties compared to those without. While nightmares, jumpiness, and sleep disturbance are common in the general population, aggression and behavioral disturbance are more common in those with learning disabilities. Other symptoms may include disruptive of defiant behavior, self-harm, agitation, distractibility, and depressed mood.

      The most common cause of PTSD in people with learning difficulties is abuse. Treatment for PTSD in this population is similar to that for those without learning difficulties, including trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) of venlafaxine as an alternative of combined. However, the therapy must be tailored to the individual’s ability to understand and communicate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      93.1
      Seconds
  • Question 17 - Which statement accurately describes borderline learning disability? ...

    Correct

    • Which statement accurately describes borderline learning disability?

      Your Answer: It is not generally associated with deficits in adaptive functioning

      Explanation:

      To diagnose a learning disability, there must be evidence of both impaired intelligence and difficulties in adaptive functioning, such as the ability to live independently, manage finances, and attend to personal safety. Borderline learning disability, on the other hand, is typically not accompanied by deficits in adaptive functioning.

      Borderline Learning Disability

      Borderline learning disability is a term used to describe individuals with an IQ between 70-85. This category is not officially recognized as a diagnosis by the ICD-11. It is estimated that approximately 15% of the population falls within this range (Chaplin, 2005). Unlike mild learning disability, borderline learning disability is not typically associated with deficits in adaptive functioning, such as grooming, dressing, safety, of money management.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      17.8
      Seconds
  • Question 18 - Which license allows for self-mutilating behavior? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which license allows for self-mutilating behavior?

      Your Answer: Risperidone

      Correct Answer: Lithium

      Explanation:

      Medication for Self-Mutilating Behaviour in People with Learning Disability

      Self-injurious behaviour is a common issue among people with learning disability, and several risk factors have been identified, including younger age, lower developmental ability, autistic symptoms, and sensory impairment. According to R Collacott’s study published in the British Journal of Psychiatry in 1998, these factors increase the likelihood of self-injury in this population.

      Currently, lithium is the only medication that is licensed for the treatment of self-mutilating behaviour in people with learning disability. Other medications may be prescribed off-label, but their effectiveness and safety in this population are not well-established. Therefore, healthcare professionals should carefully consider the risks and benefits of medication use and closely monitor their patients for any adverse effects.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      7.8
      Seconds
  • Question 19 - What is the relationship between psychiatric illness and learning disabilities? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the relationship between psychiatric illness and learning disabilities?

      Your Answer: Stimulant drugs are as effective in children with learning disability who suffer with attention deficit disorder as in those without

      Correct Answer: Schizophrenia cannot be reliably diagnosed in people with an IQ below 45

      Explanation:

      Learning Disability and comorbid Psychiatric Illness

      It is estimated that 30-50% of adults with learning disabilities also experience mental health problems, including problem behavior. Specific prevalence rates for various mental health disorders in this population have been identified through research. For example, psychotic disorders are present in 4% of adults with learning disabilities, while affective disorders are present in 6%. Autism is the most prevalent disorder, affecting 7.5% of this population.

      It is important to note that major depressive disorder can occur at all IQ levels in people with learning disabilities, but may be missed of misinterpreted as challenging behavior. Additionally, individuals with learning disabilities are more susceptible to the negative effects of life events and may develop adjustment disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder is also common in this population.

      Stimulant drugs may be less effective in children with learning disabilities and should be used with caution in individuals with Tourette’s of autism, as they may trigger tics. Overall, it is crucial to recognize and address comorbid psychiatric illness in individuals with learning disabilities to ensure appropriate treatment and support.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      22.8
      Seconds
  • Question 20 - What signs of symptoms would indicate a possible diagnosis of Turner syndrome? ...

    Correct

    • What signs of symptoms would indicate a possible diagnosis of Turner syndrome?

      Your Answer: Webbed neck

      Explanation:

      Understanding Turner Syndrome

      Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects only females. It occurs when one of the two X chromosomes is missing of partially missing. This happens randomly and does not increase the risk of the condition in future siblings. Although X-inactivation occurs in females, having only one X chromosome can cause issues as not all genes are inactivated in the inactivated X chromosome.

      The features of Turner syndrome include short stature, a webbed neck, a broad chest with widely spaced nipples, gonadal dysfunction leading to amenorrhea and infertility, congenital heart disease, and hypothyroidism. Despite these physical characteristics, girls with Turner syndrome typically have normal intelligence, with a mean full-scale IQ of 90. However, they may struggle with nonverbal, social, and psychomotor skills. It is important to understand the symptoms and effects of Turner syndrome to provide appropriate care and support for affected individuals.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      7.4
      Seconds
  • Question 21 - What is the IQ range for individuals who have been diagnosed with severe...

    Correct

    • What is the IQ range for individuals who have been diagnosed with severe intellectual disability?

      Your Answer: 20-34

      Explanation:

      Classification of Intellectual Disability

      Intellectual disability affects approximately 2% of the general population, with an estimated 828,000 adults aged 18 of older affected in England alone. Those with an IQ below 70 are considered to have an intellectual disability, with the average IQ being 100. The severity of intellectual disability is categorized based on IQ scores, with mild intellectual disability being the most common (85% of cases) and profound intellectual disability being the least common (1-2% of cases). People with intellectual disability may require varying levels of support in their daily lives, depending on their individual needs. It is important to use the preferred term ‘people with intellectual disability’ when referring to individuals with this condition.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      65.5
      Seconds
  • Question 22 - What is the most accurate approximation of the occurrence rate of schizophrenia among...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most accurate approximation of the occurrence rate of schizophrenia among adults who have a learning disability?

      Your Answer: 1.50%

      Correct Answer: 3%

      Explanation:

      As mentioned in previous questions, the number found in the general population is one-third of what is found here.

      Learning Disability and comorbid Psychiatric Illness

      It is estimated that 30-50% of adults with learning disabilities also experience mental health problems, including problem behavior. Specific prevalence rates for various mental health disorders in this population have been identified through research. For example, psychotic disorders are present in 4% of adults with learning disabilities, while affective disorders are present in 6%. Autism is the most prevalent disorder, affecting 7.5% of this population.

      It is important to note that major depressive disorder can occur at all IQ levels in people with learning disabilities, but may be missed of misinterpreted as challenging behavior. Additionally, individuals with learning disabilities are more susceptible to the negative effects of life events and may develop adjustment disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder is also common in this population.

      Stimulant drugs may be less effective in children with learning disabilities and should be used with caution in individuals with Tourette’s of autism, as they may trigger tics. Overall, it is crucial to recognize and address comorbid psychiatric illness in individuals with learning disabilities to ensure appropriate treatment and support.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      6.4
      Seconds
  • Question 23 - What is the preferred term used to refer to individuals with an IQ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the preferred term used to refer to individuals with an IQ score lower than 70?

      Your Answer: Intellectually challenged

      Correct Answer: People with an intellectual disability

      Explanation:

      This is the latest term available.

      Classification of Intellectual Disability

      Intellectual disability affects approximately 2% of the general population, with an estimated 828,000 adults aged 18 of older affected in England alone. Those with an IQ below 70 are considered to have an intellectual disability, with the average IQ being 100. The severity of intellectual disability is categorized based on IQ scores, with mild intellectual disability being the most common (85% of cases) and profound intellectual disability being the least common (1-2% of cases). People with intellectual disability may require varying levels of support in their daily lives, depending on their individual needs. It is important to use the preferred term ‘people with intellectual disability’ when referring to individuals with this condition.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      16.7
      Seconds
  • Question 24 - Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between learning disabilities and sexual abuse? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between learning disabilities and sexual abuse?

      Your Answer: The most common perpetrator of sexual abuse towards a patient with a learning disability is a family member

      Correct Answer: The perpetrator is known to the victim in the vast majority of cases

      Explanation:

      Learning Disability and Sexual Abuse

      People with learning disabilities are at a higher risk of being abused, particularly sexually. Research has shown that around 70% of victims are female, and almost all perpetrators are male. The perpetrators can be categorized as follows: 42% are other people with learning disabilities, 18% are family members, 14% are staff of volunteers, 17% are other known adults, and 10% are unknown. These findings highlight the need for increased protection and support for individuals with learning disabilities to prevent and address instances of sexual abuse.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      82
      Seconds
  • Question 25 - What is the relationship between PTSD and learning disabilities in patients? ...

    Correct

    • What is the relationship between PTSD and learning disabilities in patients?

      Your Answer: SSRIs are indicated in the treatment of PTSD in patients with learning disability

      Explanation:

      PTSD in People with Learning Disability

      People with learning disability are just as likely to develop PTSD as those without when exposed to trauma. The symptoms of PTSD in people with learning disability often include aggression, disruptive behavior, self-harm, agitation, distractibility, sleep problems, and depressed mood. Behavioral problems, particularly aggression, are the most common presenting symptoms in this population, while sleep problems and jumpiness are more common in the general population.

      Treatment interventions for PTSD in people with learning disability are similar to those used in the general population. Historically, psychological interventions have been the primary approach, but more recently, pharmacological interventions have also been considered. Overall, it is important to recognize and address PTSD in people with learning disability to improve their quality of life and overall well-being.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      19.2
      Seconds
  • Question 26 - What is the term used to describe the shift towards providing people with...

    Correct

    • What is the term used to describe the shift towards providing people with learning disabilities a more typical life experience, moving away from institutionalized care?

      Your Answer: Normalisation

      Explanation:

      Normalisation in Learning Disability Care

      Normalisation is a concept that is widely used in the field of learning disability care. It refers to the principles of providing individuals with a life experience that is as normal as possible. This approach is a departure from the traditional model of institutionalised care, which often isolates individuals from the wider community. Normalisation aims to create an environment that is inclusive and supportive, where individuals can participate in everyday activities and have access to the same opportunities as everyone else. By promoting independence and social integration, normalisation helps to improve the quality of life for people with learning disabilities.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      12.3
      Seconds
  • Question 27 - What is the most common condition that is often associated with dyslexia? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most common condition that is often associated with dyslexia?

      Your Answer: Intellectual disability

      Correct Answer: ADHD

      Explanation:

      Dyslexia is a specific learning disorder that affects a person’s ability to read and process information. It is not caused by intellectual disabilities, visual of auditory impairments, of inadequate education. Dyslexia can affect both reading and writing skills, as well as the processing of information that is seen of heard. It is a lifelong condition that occurs across the range of intellectual abilities, with boys being diagnosed more often than girls. The prevalence of dyslexia is around 5-10% among school-aged children. Signs of dyslexia include poor spelling, difficulty with written information, confusion with letter order, and poor handwriting. Dyslexia is often associated with other disorders such as ADHD, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      16.2
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  • Question 28 - What is the name of the tool that utilizes data collected from the...

    Incorrect

    • What is the name of the tool that utilizes data collected from the evaluation of an individual suspected of having autism to aid in the diagnosis of the condition?

      Your Answer: ASD-D

      Correct Answer: ADOS

      Explanation:

      The CSBQ is a questionnaire completed by caregivers to identify symptoms of pervasive developmental disorder, while the PDDBI is a rating scale completed by parents of caregivers for the same purpose.

      Autism is a complex disorder that can be difficult to diagnose in adults. To aid in the diagnosis and assessment of adults with suspected autistic spectrum disorder, NICE recommends the use of various assessment tools. These tools include the ADI-R, a semi-structured interview of caregivers of individuals with autism, the ADOS-G, a semi-structured assessment that involves the use of observational schedules, and the AAA, a three-part diagnostic instrument consisting of two screening instruments and a clinician-conducted diagnostic questionnaire. Other recommended tools include the ASDI, a brief structured interview for the assessment of Asperger syndrome, and the RAADS-R, an 80-item self-rating diagnostic scale for adults with average of above average intelligence. To streamline the assessment process, it is recommended to use a formal assessment tool such as the DISCO, ADOS-G, of ADI-R.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      189.4
      Seconds
  • Question 29 - What proportion of individuals with an intellectual disability are categorized as having a...

    Correct

    • What proportion of individuals with an intellectual disability are categorized as having a profound intellectual disability?

      Your Answer: 1%

      Explanation:

      Classification of Intellectual Disability

      Intellectual disability affects approximately 2% of the general population, with an estimated 828,000 adults aged 18 of older affected in England alone. Those with an IQ below 70 are considered to have an intellectual disability, with the average IQ being 100. The severity of intellectual disability is categorized based on IQ scores, with mild intellectual disability being the most common (85% of cases) and profound intellectual disability being the least common (1-2% of cases). People with intellectual disability may require varying levels of support in their daily lives, depending on their individual needs. It is important to use the preferred term ‘people with intellectual disability’ when referring to individuals with this condition.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
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      Seconds
  • Question 30 - What is a known cause of difficulty with swallowing in individuals with learning...

    Correct

    • What is a known cause of difficulty with swallowing in individuals with learning disabilities?

      Your Answer: Clonazepam

      Explanation:

      Dysphagia can be caused by sedatives and other CNS depressants as they reduce arousal and suppress brainstem function.

      Swallowing Difficulties Caused by Certain Medications

      Swallowing difficulties, also known as dysphagia, can be caused by various factors, including certain medications. Benzodiazepines, commonly used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders, have been found to cause swallowing problems in patients with learning difficulties. Additionally, other drugs such as metoclopramide, haloperidol, and phenothiazines have also been linked to dysphagia.

      Diagnosis and management of dysphagia is crucial to prevent complications such as aspiration pneumonia and malnutrition. Patients experiencing swallowing difficulties should undergo a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional, including a clinical examination and imaging studies. Treatment options may include modifying the consistency of food and liquids, swallowing exercises, and medication adjustments. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of the potential side effects of certain medications and to monitor patients for any signs of dysphagia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      19.4
      Seconds
  • Question 31 - Which of the following definitions accurately describes the term impairment in relation to...

    Correct

    • Which of the following definitions accurately describes the term impairment in relation to learning disability?

      Your Answer: Loss of abnormality of psychological, physiological, of anatomical structure of function.

      Explanation:

      Understanding Learning Disabilities: Key Terms to Know

      Learning disabilities can be complex and challenging to understand. To help make sense of this topic, it’s important to be familiar with some key terms. Two important terms to know are impairments and disability.

      Impairments refer to problems in body function and structure, such as significant deviation of loss. This can include difficulties with vision, hearing, mobility, of cognitive functioning. Impairments can impact a person’s ability to learn and participate in daily activities.

      Disability is an umbrella term that encompasses impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. It refers to the negative aspects of the interaction between a person’s health condition(s) and their contextual factors, including environmental and personal factors. For example, a person with a learning disability may experience difficulty with reading, writing, of math, which can impact their ability to participate fully in school of work.

      Understanding these terms can help individuals better understand the challenges faced by those with learning disabilities and work towards creating more inclusive and supportive environments.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      119.1
      Seconds
  • Question 32 - What is the term used to describe the inability of limitation to perform...

    Incorrect

    • What is the term used to describe the inability of limitation to perform an activity within the typical range expected for a human being?

      Your Answer: Handicap

      Correct Answer: Disability

      Explanation:

      Understanding Learning Disabilities: Key Terms to Know

      Learning disabilities can be complex and challenging to understand. To help make sense of this topic, it’s important to be familiar with some key terms. Two important terms to know are impairments and disability.

      Impairments refer to problems in body function and structure, such as significant deviation of loss. This can include difficulties with vision, hearing, mobility, of cognitive functioning. Impairments can impact a person’s ability to learn and participate in daily activities.

      Disability is an umbrella term that encompasses impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. It refers to the negative aspects of the interaction between a person’s health condition(s) and their contextual factors, including environmental and personal factors. For example, a person with a learning disability may experience difficulty with reading, writing, of math, which can impact their ability to participate fully in school of work.

      Understanding these terms can help individuals better understand the challenges faced by those with learning disabilities and work towards creating more inclusive and supportive environments.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      26.6
      Seconds
  • Question 33 - What is the increased likelihood of individuals with learning disabilities developing schizophrenia compared...

    Incorrect

    • What is the increased likelihood of individuals with learning disabilities developing schizophrenia compared to the general population?

      Your Answer: 1

      Correct Answer: 3

      Explanation:

      Learning Disability and comorbid Psychiatric Illness

      It is estimated that 30-50% of adults with learning disabilities also experience mental health problems, including problem behavior. Specific prevalence rates for various mental health disorders in this population have been identified through research. For example, psychotic disorders are present in 4% of adults with learning disabilities, while affective disorders are present in 6%. Autism is the most prevalent disorder, affecting 7.5% of this population.

      It is important to note that major depressive disorder can occur at all IQ levels in people with learning disabilities, but may be missed of misinterpreted as challenging behavior. Additionally, individuals with learning disabilities are more susceptible to the negative effects of life events and may develop adjustment disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder is also common in this population.

      Stimulant drugs may be less effective in children with learning disabilities and should be used with caution in individuals with Tourette’s of autism, as they may trigger tics. Overall, it is crucial to recognize and address comorbid psychiatric illness in individuals with learning disabilities to ensure appropriate treatment and support.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      8.7
      Seconds
  • Question 34 - What factor is most likely to cause difficulty with swallowing in an individual...

    Correct

    • What factor is most likely to cause difficulty with swallowing in an individual with a learning disability?

      Your Answer: Clonazepam

      Explanation:

      While this question may not be ideal, it does occasionally appear on exams. If you encounter it, choose clonazepam and disregard the possibility that other choices may also cause dysphagia.

      Swallowing Difficulties Caused by Certain Medications

      Swallowing difficulties, also known as dysphagia, can be caused by various factors, including certain medications. Benzodiazepines, commonly used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders, have been found to cause swallowing problems in patients with learning difficulties. Additionally, other drugs such as metoclopramide, haloperidol, and phenothiazines have also been linked to dysphagia.

      Diagnosis and management of dysphagia is crucial to prevent complications such as aspiration pneumonia and malnutrition. Patients experiencing swallowing difficulties should undergo a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional, including a clinical examination and imaging studies. Treatment options may include modifying the consistency of food and liquids, swallowing exercises, and medication adjustments. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of the potential side effects of certain medications and to monitor patients for any signs of dysphagia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      51.2
      Seconds
  • Question 35 - How would you describe the semi-structured interview conducted with caregivers of individuals who...

    Incorrect

    • How would you describe the semi-structured interview conducted with caregivers of individuals who may have autism?

      Your Answer: PDDBI

      Correct Answer: ADI-R

      Explanation:

      The CSBQ is a questionnaire completed by caregivers to identify symptoms of pervasive developmental disorder.

      Autism is a complex disorder that can be difficult to diagnose in adults. To aid in the diagnosis and assessment of adults with suspected autistic spectrum disorder, NICE recommends the use of various assessment tools. These tools include the ADI-R, a semi-structured interview of caregivers of individuals with autism, the ADOS-G, a semi-structured assessment that involves the use of observational schedules, and the AAA, a three-part diagnostic instrument consisting of two screening instruments and a clinician-conducted diagnostic questionnaire. Other recommended tools include the ASDI, a brief structured interview for the assessment of Asperger syndrome, and the RAADS-R, an 80-item self-rating diagnostic scale for adults with average of above average intelligence. To streamline the assessment process, it is recommended to use a formal assessment tool such as the DISCO, ADOS-G, of ADI-R.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      11.2
      Seconds
  • Question 36 - Which symptom is not considered a sign of PTSD in individuals with learning...

    Correct

    • Which symptom is not considered a sign of PTSD in individuals with learning disabilities?

      Your Answer: Auditory hallucinations

      Explanation:

      Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in People with Learning Difficulties

      Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can present differently in people with learning difficulties compared to those without. While nightmares, jumpiness, and sleep disturbance are common in the general population, aggression and behavioral disturbance are more common in those with learning disabilities. Other symptoms may include disruptive of defiant behavior, self-harm, agitation, distractibility, and depressed mood.

      The most common cause of PTSD in people with learning difficulties is abuse. Treatment for PTSD in this population is similar to that for those without learning difficulties, including trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) of venlafaxine as an alternative of combined. However, the therapy must be tailored to the individual’s ability to understand and communicate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      87.8
      Seconds
  • Question 37 - How should PTSD be managed in patients who have learning disabilities? ...

    Incorrect

    • How should PTSD be managed in patients who have learning disabilities?

      Your Answer: EMDR is preferred to CBT

      Correct Answer: SSRIs are recommended as appropriate drug treatment

      Explanation:

      Both EMDR and CBT are equally effective in managing PTSD in individuals with learning disabilities, and the primary treatment approach remains trauma-focused therapy, with SSRI of venlafaxine as an alternative of combined. However, it is important to customize the psychological therapy to the patient’s ability.

      Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in People with Learning Difficulties

      Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can present differently in people with learning difficulties compared to those without. While nightmares, jumpiness, and sleep disturbance are common in the general population, aggression and behavioral disturbance are more common in those with learning disabilities. Other symptoms may include disruptive of defiant behavior, self-harm, agitation, distractibility, and depressed mood.

      The most common cause of PTSD in people with learning difficulties is abuse. Treatment for PTSD in this population is similar to that for those without learning difficulties, including trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) of venlafaxine as an alternative of combined. However, the therapy must be tailored to the individual’s ability to understand and communicate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      35.5
      Seconds
  • Question 38 - What percentage of individuals with an intellectual disability cannot have a cause identified?...

    Correct

    • What percentage of individuals with an intellectual disability cannot have a cause identified?

      Your Answer: 60%

      Explanation:

      Aetiology of Intellectual Disability

      Intellectual disability (ID), previously known as learning disability, affects between 1% and 3% of the global population. The severity of ID varies, with mild cases being the most common, affecting around 85% of those with the condition. Moderate, severe, and profound cases affect 10%, 4%, and 2% of the population, respectively. The cause of ID can be attributed to environmental and/of genetic factors, although up to 60% of cases have no identifiable cause. Genetic factors are responsible for 25-50% of cases, with the likelihood increasing with the severity of the condition. Down Syndrome is the most common genetic cause of ID, while Fragile X syndrome is the most common X-linked cause and the second most common genetic cause of learning difficulty. Foetal alcohol syndrome is the most common acquired form of ID.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      10.2
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  • Question 39 - Which of the following factors does not increase the risk of self-injury in...

    Correct

    • Which of the following factors does not increase the risk of self-injury in individuals with learning disabilities?

      Your Answer: Polypharmacy

      Explanation:

      Medication for Self-Mutilating Behaviour in People with Learning Disability

      Self-injurious behaviour is a common issue among people with learning disability, and several risk factors have been identified, including younger age, lower developmental ability, autistic symptoms, and sensory impairment. According to R Collacott’s study published in the British Journal of Psychiatry in 1998, these factors increase the likelihood of self-injury in this population.

      Currently, lithium is the only medication that is licensed for the treatment of self-mutilating behaviour in people with learning disability. Other medications may be prescribed off-label, but their effectiveness and safety in this population are not well-established. Therefore, healthcare professionals should carefully consider the risks and benefits of medication use and closely monitor their patients for any adverse effects.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
      17.5
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  • Question 40 - What is the most prevalent type of Down's syndrome? ...

    Correct

    • What is the most prevalent type of Down's syndrome?

      Your Answer: Trisomy 21

      Explanation:

      Down Syndrome: Causes and Risk Factors

      Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of extra genetic material from chromosome 21. There are three different types of Down syndrome, each with its own cause and inheritance pattern. The most common form, full trisomy 21, is not inherited and accounts for 95% of cases. It occurs when there is a failure of chromosome 21 to separate properly during cell division, resulting in an extra copy of the chromosome. This can happen randomly, with the extra chromosome coming from the mother 88% of the time and from the father 12% of the time.

      The second type, translocation Down syndrome, is inherited and accounts for 2-3% of cases. It occurs when a piece of chromosome 21 breaks off and attaches to another chromosome, resulting in extra genetic material. This type of Down syndrome is caused by a balanced translocation, which means that the parent carrying the translocation has no signs of symptoms of the disorder.

      The third type, mosaic Down syndrome, is not inherited and also accounts for 2-3% of cases. It occurs as a random event during cell division early in fetal development, resulting in some cells having an extra copy of chromosome 21 while others do not.

      The risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases as a mother gets older. At age 35, the risk is 1 in 385; at age 40, the risk is 1 in 106; and at age 45, the risk is 1 in 30. It is important for women to be aware of these risk factors and to discuss them with their healthcare provider if they are planning to have a child.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Learning Disability
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Learning Disability (20/40) 50%
Passmed