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Question 1
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Which psychologist differentiated between fluid and crystallized intelligence in their classification of overall cognitive ability?
Your Answer: Cattell and Horn
Explanation:Cattell and Horn utilized factor analysis to suggest that intelligence can be separated into two categories: fluid intelligence (innate abilities) and crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge). Spearman’s two-factor theory suggests that intelligence tests measure both a general intelligence factor (g) and a specific factor (s). Burt expanded on Spearman’s theory to create the hierarchical model, which proposes that multiple major and minor factors exist between g and s. Guilford disagreed with the idea of general intelligence and instead categorized cognitive tasks based on three dimensions: content, operations, and products.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 2
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What type of group is most susceptible to groupthink?
Your Answer: Homogeneous
Explanation:Groupthink, Groupshift, and Deindividuation are potential problems that can occur when working in groups. Groupthink is a phenomenon where the desire for harmony of conformity in the group results in an incorrect of deviant decision-making outcome. This occurs when group members try to minimise conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative ideas of viewpoints. Several conditions must take place for groupthink to occur, such as group isolation, loyalty, loss of individual creativity, and an illusion of invulnerability. Symptoms of groupthink include an illusion of invulnerability, belief in inherent morality of the group, collective rationalisation, stereotypes of ‘out-groups,’ self-censorship, illusion of unanimity, direct pressure on dissenters, and self-appointed mindguards. To reduce groupthink, leaders should allow each member to challenge ideas and present objections, talk about and solicit ideas with people outside the group, invite outside experts to attend meetings, avoid expressing opinions about the preferred outcome, and assign a ‘Devil’s Advocate’ at all meetings to challenge any and all ideas.
Groupshift is the phenomenon in which the initial positions of individual members of a group are exaggerated toward a more extreme position. For example, when people are in groups, they assess risk differently from when they are alone. In the group, they are likely to make riskier decisions as the shared risk makes the individual risk seem to be less.
Deindividuation is a concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the loss of self-awareness in groups. Theories of deindividuation propose that it is a psychological state of decreased self-evaluation and a decreased evaluation of apprehension causing abnormal collective behaviour, such as violent crowds and lynch mobs. Conversely, it also explains people’s tendency to donate more readily to charity when in groups.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Social Psychology
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Question 3
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What is the term used to describe the mistake made by the medical director during his speech on the proposed merger of two hospitals, where he accidentally said 'murder of two hospitals' instead of 'merger of two hospitals'?
Your Answer: Parapraxis
Explanation:Parapraxis: A Freudian Slip of the Tongue
A parapraxis, commonly known as a ‘slip of the tongue’, is a Freudian concept that suggests that these slips reveal important information about the repressed content of the unconscious mind. According to Freud, these mistakes are not accidental but rather a manifestation of the unconscious mind’s desires and thoughts. For instance, a person may accidentally call their boss by their partner’s name, revealing an underlying attraction of resentment towards their boss. Freud believed that these parapraxes could provide valuable insights into a person’s psyche and help uncover repressed memories of emotions. Therefore, he considered them an essential tool in psychoanalysis. Today, parapraxes are still studied and analyzed by psychologists and therapists to gain a better understanding of their patients’ unconscious thoughts and feelings.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Social Psychology
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Question 4
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When examining how individuals deal with a stigmatised condition, what is meant by the term quasi-liberated adaptation?
Your Answer: Being open about a stigmatised diagnosis in an effort to educate people and so reduce the stigma
Explanation:Schneider and Conrad identified different approaches to coping with a stigmatised illness. For some individuals, the diagnosis becomes all-consuming and they struggle to adapt. Others adopt a pragmatic approach, only disclosing their condition to those who require the information, while the secret type chooses to keep their diagnosis private. The quasi-liberated type takes a proactive stance against stigma, openly discussing their illness and working to raise awareness and understanding.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Stigma And Culture
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Question 5
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What is the estimated number of alcohol units consumed by a 40-year-old man who drinks a 10-glass (70 cl) bottle of 37.5% ABV vodka every day, on a weekly basis?
Your Answer: 190
Explanation:To calculate the units of alcohol in a drink, multiply the volume in litres by the percentage alcohol by volume (ABV). For example, a 70 cl (0.7 L) bottle of vodka with a 37.5% ABV contains 26 units. Consuming a bottle of this vodka every day for a week would result in approximately 190 units of alcohol (26 units x 7 days).
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Description And Measurement
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Question 6
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Which statement about dementia pugilistica is accurate?
Your Answer: Symptoms may result from a single traumatic brain injury
Explanation:Dementia pugilistica, also known as CTE, is categorized as a tauopathy, which is a type of neurodegenerative disease that involves the accumulation of tau protein into NFTs of gliofibrillary tangles in the brain. While it commonly occurs due to repeated brain injuries, it can also develop from a single traumatic event, as reported by Smith in 2013.
Dementia Pugilistica: A Neurodegenerative Condition Resulting from Neurotrauma
Dementia pugilistica, also known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), is a neurodegenerative condition that results from neurotrauma. It is commonly seen in boxers and NFL players, but can also occur in anyone with neurotrauma. The condition is characterized by symptoms such as gait ataxia, slurred speech, impaired hearing, tremors, disequilibrium, neurobehavioral disturbances, and progressive cognitive decline.
Most cases of dementia pugilistica present with early onset cognitive deficits, and behavioral signs exhibited by patients include aggression, suspiciousness, paranoia, childishness, hypersexuality, depression, and restlessness. The progression of the condition leads to more prominent behavioral symptoms such as difficulty with impulse control, irritability, inappropriateness, and explosive outbursts of aggression.
Neuropathological abnormalities have been identified in CTE, with the most unique feature being the abnormal accumulation of tau in neurons and glia in an irregular, focal, perivascular distribution and at the depths of cortical sulci. Abnormalities of the septum pellucidum, such as cavum and fenestration, are also a common feature.
While the condition has become increasingly rare due to the progressive improvement in sports safety, it is important to recognize the potential long-term consequences of repeated head injuries and take steps to prevent them.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Neurosciences
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Question 7
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What is the term used to describe a drug that remains inactive until it is converted into its active metabolite?
Your Answer: A prodrug
Explanation:The Significance of Active Metabolites in Drug Discovery and Development
Certain drugs are classified as prodrugs, which means that they are inactive when administered and require metabolism to become active. These drugs are converted into an active form, which is referred to as an active metabolite. Some drugs have important active metabolites, such as diazepam, dothiepin, fluoxetine, imipramine, risperidone, amitriptyline, and codeine, which are desmethyldiazepam, dothiepin sulfoxide, norfluoxetine, desipramine, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, nortriptyline, and morphine, respectively.
The role of pharmacologically active metabolites in drug discovery and development is significant. Understanding the active metabolites of a drug can help in the development of more effective and safer drugs. Active metabolites can also provide insights into the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a drug, which can aid in the optimization of dosing regimens. Additionally, active metabolites can have different pharmacological properties than the parent drug, which can lead to the discovery of new therapeutic uses for a drug. Therefore, the study of active metabolites is an important aspect of drug discovery and development.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Psychopharmacology
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Question 8
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What is the term used to describe a section of DNA in a gene that does not undergo protein translation?
Your Answer: Intron
Explanation:Splicing of mRNA
After the transcription of DNA into mRNA, the mRNA undergoes a crucial process known as splicing. This process involves the removal of certain portions of the mRNA, called introns, leaving behind the remaining portions known as exons. The exons are then translated into proteins. The resulting spliced form of RNA is referred to as mature mRNA. This process of splicing is essential for the proper functioning of genes and the production of functional proteins.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Genetics
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Question 9
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At what age does the transition from babbling to the holophrastic stage typically take place?
Your Answer: 12 months
Explanation:Linguistic Development and Risk Factors for Delayed Speech and Language
The development of language skills is an important aspect of a child’s growth. The prelinguistic period, from birth to 12 months, is marked by crying, babbling, and echolalia. From 6 to 12 months, a child responds to their name and can differentiate between angry and friendly tones. By 18 to 24 months, a child can use up to 40-50 words, mainly nouns, and starts to combine words in short phrases. By 36 to 48 months, a child has a vocabulary of 900-1000 words, can use plurals and past tense, and can handle three-word sentences easily.
However, there are risk factors associated with delayed speech and language development. These include a positive family history, male gender, twins, lower maternal education, childhood illness, being born late in the family order, young mother at birth, and low socioeconomic status. of these, a positive family history is considered the most reliable risk factor. It is important to monitor a child’s language development and seek professional help if there are concerns about delayed speech and language.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Psychological Development
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Question 10
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In what stage, according to Mahler, does a child perceive themselves and their mother as a unified entity?
Your Answer: Symbiotic phase
Explanation:Mahler’s Separation-Individuation theory of child development proposes that personality development occurs in distinct stages. The first stage, the Autistic phase, occurs during the first few weeks of life, where the child is mostly sleeping and cut off from the world. The second stage, the Symbiotic phase, lasts until around six months of age, where the child sees themselves and their mother as a single unit. The third stage, Separation-Individuation, has four subphases. The first subphase, Differentiation, occurs between six to ten months, where the child begins to see themselves as an individual and experiences separation anxiety. The second subphase, Practicing, occurs between ten to sixteen months, where the child explores connections with the external world and people other than the mother. The third subphase, Rapprochement, occurs between sixteen to twenty-four months, where the child struggles to balance their desire for independence and proximity to the mother, often resulting in tantrums and the use of transitional objects. The fourth subphase, Object constancy, occurs between twenty-four to thirty-six months, where the child accepts the idea of object constancy and is more comfortable with the mother being separate for periods of time.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Psychological Development
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