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  • Question 1 - A mental health nurse evaluates a client in the ER and documents in...

    Incorrect

    • A mental health nurse evaluates a client in the ER and documents in her evaluation that the client is experiencing 'anhedonia' as a symptom. What does anhedonia mean?

      Your Answer: It occurs only in affective disorders

      Correct Answer: It was coined by Ribot

      Explanation:

      Anhedonia, a term coined by Théodule-Armand Ribot in 1896, refers to the lack of interest in experiencing pleasure. This condition is commonly linked to depression and is also observed in schizophrenia as a component of the negative symptoms of the disorder.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      76.2
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  • Question 2 - A 32-year-old female is experiencing extreme fear as she hears voices every time...

    Incorrect

    • A 32-year-old female is experiencing extreme fear as she hears voices every time her washing machine is on. These voices are urging her to flee the house with a sharp object. What type of perceptual disturbance is she likely experiencing?

      Your Answer: Extracampine hallucination

      Correct Answer: Functional hallucination

      Explanation:

      – Functional hallucination requires an external stimulus to provoke the hallucination
      – The normal perception and hallucination are in the same modality
      – Example: sound of the boiler triggers auditory hallucinations
      – Extracampine hallucinations occur outside of one’s sensory field
      – Reflex hallucination is when a stimulus in one modality produces hallucination in another
      – Reflex hallucination is a form of synaesthesia
      – Third person auditory hallucination is when a person hears voices talking about them as a third person.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      46
      Seconds
  • Question 3 - You are seeing a 45-year-old male on the ward. He is experiencing a...

    Incorrect

    • You are seeing a 45-year-old male on the ward. He is experiencing a delusional episode and is detained under section 2 of the Mental Health Act. He firmly believes that one of the doctors on the ward is his long-lost brother, despite acknowledging that they have different facial features.
      What is the name of the syndrome he is experiencing?

      Your Answer: Capgras syndrome

      Correct Answer: Fregoli syndrome

      Explanation:

      The term Fregoli syndrome refers to a delusion where the patient mistakenly identifies an unfamiliar person as someone they know. This condition is named after Leopoldo Fregoli, an Italian actor who was known for his ability to quickly change his appearance during performances. Cotard syndrome is a type of delusion that occurs in cases of psychotic depression, where the patient believes that they are already dead. Capgras syndrome is another type of misidentification delusion, but in this case, the patient believes that someone they know has been replaced by an identical imposter. Charles Bonnet Syndrome is a condition that causes complex visual hallucinations. Finally, Couvade syndrome, also known as sympathetic pregnancy, is a phenomenon where men experience symptoms similar to their pregnant partners. These conditions are all well-documented in the field of psychiatry.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      65.9
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  • Question 4 - While on a weekend pass to visit his family, a middle-aged man with...

    Correct

    • While on a weekend pass to visit his family, a middle-aged man with bipolar disorder destroys his sister's car.
      When asked about his behavior, he explains that he saw a black cat cross his path and knew he had to destroy something to ward off bad luck.
      What is this an instance of?

      Your Answer: Delusional percept

      Explanation:

      Delusional perceptions involve attaching a delusional meaning to an accurate perception, which can feel like a significant realization. This differs from interpreting accurate perceptions in a way that aligns with pre-existing delusions. These perceptions are considered a primary symptom.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      28.3
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  • Question 5 - A teenager feels frustrated after a difficult day at school. They go for...

    Correct

    • A teenager feels frustrated after a difficult day at school. They go for a long bike ride after school and as a result, no longer feel frustrated.

      What is the term for this coping mechanism?

      Your Answer: Sublimation

      Explanation:

      The behavior described is an example of sublimation, where unconscious impulses are redirected into socially acceptable outlets for immediate gratification. The other options listed are all examples of mature defense mechanisms, including altruism, which involves finding satisfaction in helping others; anticipation, which involves mentally preparing for potential threats; humor, which allows for the expression of difficult emotions without personal discomfort; and suppression, which involves consciously delaying the processing of uncomfortable issues.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      17.8
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  • Question 6 - What is the definition of volitional passivity? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the definition of volitional passivity?

      Your Answer: The patient is aware of an alien presence inserting thoughts into his mind

      Correct Answer: The patient is aware of someone controlling his actions as though he were a robot

      Explanation:

      All of the options describe passivity phenomena, which are first rank symptoms. Passivity of volition involves feeling like one’s actions are controlled by someone else. Passivity of impulse is experiencing an urge that originates outside oneself. Thought insertion is the awareness of an alien presence inserting thoughts into one’s mind, which may be accompanied by visceral hallucinations. Somatic passivity is the feeling that someone is controlling things inside one’s body. Passivity of affect involves feeling emotions that originate outside oneself, which is different from incongruity of blunting of affect.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      30.8
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  • Question 7 - A 25-year-old woman is distressed by the sensation of being watched and monitored....

    Incorrect

    • A 25-year-old woman is distressed by the sensation of being watched and monitored. She feels as though someone is always observing her actions and knows everything she does, especially right after she completes a task. What is the most appropriate term to describe this experience?

      Your Answer: Audible thoughts

      Correct Answer: Running commentary

      Explanation:

      Auditory Hallucinations: Running Commentary, Audible Thoughts, Thought Broadcast, and Thought Withdrawal

      Running commentary is a type of auditory hallucination that is classified as a first rank symptom. Patients who experience running commentary hear voices that comment on their activities. The commentary may occur before, during, of after the patient’s actions.

      Audible thoughts are another type of auditory hallucination where patients hear their own thoughts spoken aloud. They may hear people repeating their thoughts out loud just after they have thought them, answering their thoughts, of saying aloud what they are about to think. This can cause their thoughts to repeat the voices they hear.

      Thought broadcast is a passivity experience where patients believe that their thoughts are being taken away from their heads and widely broadcast. This is also classified as a first rank symptom.

      Thought withdrawal is another type of passivity experience where patients believe that their thoughts are being taken away from their heads against their will.

      It is important to note that these symptoms are often associated with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing these symptoms and improving the patient’s quality of life.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      19.4
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  • Question 8 - A 30-year-old African American woman visits her primary care physician with complaints of...

    Incorrect

    • A 30-year-old African American woman visits her primary care physician with complaints of excessive fatigue and weakness. She is convinced that she is experiencing urinary incontinence and requests a referral to a specialist. Medical tests show no evidence of any underlying physical conditions. What is the most probable diagnosis?

      Your Answer: Latah

      Correct Answer: Dhat syndrome

      Explanation:

      Dhat syndrome is a condition commonly observed in the Indian subcontinent, characterized by fatigue and weakness, and the belief that one is expelling semen in their urine. The condition has no identifiable physical cause.

      Hyperschemazia is a condition where individuals perceive certain body parts as being larger than they actually are.

      Koro is a belief, typically found in Southeast Asia, that the penis is shrinking and will eventually retract into the abdomen, leading to death. This belief is thought to stem from a misunderstanding of anatomy.

      Latah is a condition similar to Tourette’s syndrome, where individuals exhibit abnormal behavior in response to exaggerated startle responses. This may include screaming, cursing, dancing movements, uncontrollable laughter, and obeying commands they would not normally follow.

      Nihilistic delusion is characterized by a strong sense of self-negation, where individuals may believe that they are dead of that their internal organs are decaying.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      34.3
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  • Question 9 - A 35-year-old individual with schizophrenia experiences the belief that their thoughts are being...

    Incorrect

    • A 35-year-old individual with schizophrenia experiences the belief that their thoughts are being controlled externally through a process of telephony. What type of speech disorder is probable in this case?

      Your Answer: Stuttering

      Correct Answer: Neologism

      Explanation:

      Neologism is a symptom of schizophrenia where a person creates new words of uses existing words in a way that only makes sense to them. Alogia is a difficulty in speaking, which can be caused by a lack of thoughts of negative thought disorder. Clang associations occur when words are linked based on their sound rather than their meaning. Logoclonia is a condition where a person gets stuck on a particular word, often repeating syllables of parts of words. Stuttering is a speech disorder characterized by involuntary repetitions, prolongations, and pauses in speech.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      342.6
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  • Question 10 - A 45-year-old man experiences intense anxiety when approaching bridges of overpasses. He attributes...

    Incorrect

    • A 45-year-old man experiences intense anxiety when approaching bridges of overpasses. He attributes this to an episode several years ago when he witnessed a car accident on a bridge. Since then, he has had repetitive, intense imagery of himself of others falling off the bridge and into the water below. He is distressed by these thoughts and tries to avoid bridges of overpasses whenever possible. He recognizes the thoughts as his own but fears they represent a desire to harm himself of others, which he does not want to do at any other time. What is the best way to describe his anxiety?

      Your Answer: Thought insertion

      Correct Answer: Obsessive thought

      Explanation:

      A woman is experiencing an obsessive thought that manifests as persistent imagery, which she cannot control. She tries to suppress the thought, indicating the development of compulsive behavior. She may also experience autoscopic hallucinations, where she sees a hallucinatory double of herself. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that she uses to alleviate anxiety caused by obsessive experiences, which can be either motor of cognitive. Additionally, she may experience ruminative cognitions, which are repetitive thoughts that do not lead to any conclusion. In some cases, she may also experience thought insertion, where she attributes the source of the image to an external force.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      22.5
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  • Question 11 - A 25-year-old South Asian female graduate is preparing for a job interview.
    She reports...

    Incorrect

    • A 25-year-old South Asian female graduate is preparing for a job interview.
      She reports difficulty focusing, forgetfulness, and persistent feelings of sadness. Additionally, she experiences tension in her head and neck and occasional vision disturbances.
      What culture-specific syndrome is most probable in this scenario?

      Your Answer: Amok

      Correct Answer: Brain fag

      Explanation:

      Culture-bound disorders are mental health conditions that are specific to certain cultural settings and may be related to other diagnostic categories such as anxiety disorders of psychosis. Examples of these disorders include windigo and brain fag, which are depressive states, latah and piblokto, which are hysterical states, and amok, which is a dissociative state.

      Brain fag is commonly observed in West African students and is a reaction to extreme stress, often related to school work. Symptoms include difficulty concentrating, memory problems, low mood, and sometimes pain around the head and neck, and blurred vision.

      Amok is a dissociative state that is more prevalent in Malaysia. It is characterized by symptoms such as neurasthenia, depersonalization, rage, automatism, and violent acts.

      Latah is a condition similar to Tourette’s syndrome, where an exaggerated startle response leads to abnormal behavior such as screaming, cursing, dancing movements, and uncontrollable laughter. Upon provocation, affected individuals may also shout obscene utterances, imitate a word, gesture, of action, of automatically obey commands that they would not normally follow.

      Piblokto, traditionally found among Eskimo women, presents with attacks of screaming, crying, and running naked through the snow.

      Wendigo is a depressive condition characterized by the delusion that one has become cannibalistic. It is mostly observed in Native Americans.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      32.8
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  • Question 12 - What is the term used to describe the disconnection between belief, feeling, and...

    Incorrect

    • What is the term used to describe the disconnection between belief, feeling, and behavior that can occur in individuals with severe mental illness?

      Your Answer: Vorbeireden

      Correct Answer: Double orientation

      Explanation:

      Psychiatric Terminology

      Double orientation refers to the separation of belief from feeling and behavior, which is commonly observed in chronic schizophrenics. This condition is characterized by a person holding a grandiose delusion, such as believing they are the King of England, while still living a normal life in a council house and attending a day center. Loosening of associations is a type of thought disorder, while an overvalued idea is a preoccupying belief that is arrived at through normal mental processes. Partial delusion is a delusion that is becoming less fixed of is on its way to becoming a full delusion. Vorbeireden, also known as talking past the point, is another term used in psychiatric terminology.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      66.4
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  • Question 13 - Which of the following accurately defines a pseudohallucination? Please rephrase the question slightly...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following accurately defines a pseudohallucination? Please rephrase the question slightly and maintain the paragraph spacing.

      Your Answer: A type of hallucination common in schizophrenia

      Correct Answer: A hallucination without the quality of a normal percept

      Explanation:

      Pseudohallucinations are often distinguished from true hallucinations by their lack of a genuine perceptual quality, although this distinction can be challenging to apply in practice. True hallucinations can be induced by illicit drug use. extracampine hallucinations, which are typically visual and occur outside of the normal sensory field, are considered true hallucinations. Pseudohallucinations are not exclusive to schizophrenia and can manifest in various sensory modalities.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      91.3
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  • Question 14 - A 60-year-old man begins to report experiencing vivid visual hallucinations of people and...

    Incorrect

    • A 60-year-old man begins to report experiencing vivid visual hallucinations of people and animals in his home. He is fully conscious and aware. He has a past medical history of macular degeneration. After being evaluated and ruled out for any medical issues such as a urinary tract infection, what is the most probable cause of his symptoms?

      Your Answer: Occipital lobe tumour

      Correct Answer: Charles Bonnet syndrome

      Explanation:

      Late-onset schizophrenia is characterized by paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations as the main symptoms. Although a small proportion of patients may experience visual, tactile, of olfactory hallucinations, these are not the primary features of the disorder. It is important to rule out other medical conditions that may cause visual hallucinations, such as occipital lobe tumours, post-concussional state, epileptic twilight state, and metabolic disturbances. However, in cases where no underlying medical cause is found, Charles Bonnet syndrome should be considered as a possible explanation for complex visual hallucinations in individuals with impaired vision.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      18.2
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  • Question 15 - Which of the following statements most accurately defines tangentiality? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements most accurately defines tangentiality?

      Your Answer: It is the same as pressure of speech

      Correct Answer: It is a disorder of the form of thought

      Explanation:

      Karl Jaspers, a German psychiatrist and philosopher, first described tangentiality as a formal thought disorder where the patient deviates from the topic at hand and introduces new but related words. Although the examiner can usually follow the patient’s train of thought, the patient often loses track of the interviewer’s question. While tangentiality is not specific to any particular mental disorder, it can be present in conditions such as mania, hypomania, and schizophrenia. Other examples of formal thought disorder include loosening of associations, circumstantiality, thought block, perseveration, and flight of ideas.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 16 - A 25-year-old male with a history of bipolar disorder experiences a relapse. During...

    Incorrect

    • A 25-year-old male with a history of bipolar disorder experiences a relapse. During examination, he repeatedly taps his foot on the ground for a few minutes at a time and then stops. He repeats this movement several times over the next hour.
      What type of motor disorder is he displaying?

      Your Answer: Ambitendency

      Correct Answer: Stereotypy

      Explanation:

      Stereotypy is a repetitive and purposeless movement pattern that is often distractible and is a feature of catatonia in schizophrenia. Ambitendency involves alternating between cooperation and opposition, resulting in unpredictable behavior. Mannerisms are voluntary and odd movements that typically have some functional significance, unlike stereotyped movements. Schnauzkrampf, a facial expression where the nose and lips are drawn together in a pout, is one of the abnormal movement disorders seen in schizophrenia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      26.3
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  • Question 17 - A 35-year-old male reported experiencing the scent of lavender when he listens to...

    Correct

    • A 35-year-old male reported experiencing the scent of lavender when he listens to music. What is the most probable explanation for this phenomenon?

      Your Answer: Synaesthesia

      Explanation:

      Hallucinations and Illusions

      Hallucinations can take on different forms, including reflex hallucinations, auditory hallucinations, and functional hallucinations. Reflex hallucinations occur when a stimulus in one sensory modality produces a hallucination in another. For example, someone may smell oranges when they hear music. Auditory hallucinations, on the other hand, are the presence of auditory experiences in the absence of a true stimulus. Functional hallucinations occur when an external stimulus provokes a hallucination, and the normal perception of the external stimulus and the hallucinatory experience are in the same modality.

      In addition to hallucinations, there are also illusions, which involve false perceptions with sensory distortions. Kinaesthetic hallucinations are a type of hallucination that involve bodily movements. Understanding the different types of hallucinations and illusions can help individuals better recognize and manage these experiences.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 18 - A 72-year-old male reports feeling distressed after hearing his deceased wife's voice in...

    Correct

    • A 72-year-old male reports feeling distressed after hearing his deceased wife's voice in his head, asking him to come join her. He clarifies that he heard it internally and not as an external sound. What type of perceptual abnormality is reflected in his experience?

      Your Answer: Pseudohallucinations

      Explanation:

      – Pseudohallucinations are figurative and not real
      – They are located in the inner subjective space
      – Auditory hallucinations are concrete, tangible, and real
      – They are located in the outside objective space
      – Autoscopy is the experience of seeing oneself
      – Reflex hallucination is where a stimulus in one modality produces hallucination in another modality
      – Hypnopompic hallucinations occur when waking up from sleep.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      13.5
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  • Question 19 - What is an example of the young women's behavior on the ward? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is an example of the young women's behavior on the ward?

      Your Answer: Autochthonous delusion

      Correct Answer: Delusional mood/atmosphere

      Explanation:

      Typically, when a delusion arises, the patient feels a sense of relief from the preceding anxiety and tension. The delusional atmosphere is the perception that something is amiss, while the delusional mood refers to the accompanying feelings of anxiety and tension.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 20 - A 25-year-old man wears a baseball cap and inserts cotton balls in his...

    Correct

    • A 25-year-old man wears a baseball cap and inserts cotton balls in his ears. He does this to shield himself from his coworkers' negative comments. What symptom is he safeguarding against?

      Your Answer: Thought insertion

      Explanation:

      Thought insertion is a symptom commonly experienced by individuals with schizophrenia, where they believe that their thoughts are not their own and have been placed in their head from an external source. This is one of the many first rank symptoms of schizophrenia, which also include delusional percept, audible thoughts, third person auditory hallucination, running commentary, thought withdrawal, thought broadcast, passivity of affect, passivity of impulses, passivity of volition, and somatic passivity. Third person auditory hallucinations involve hearing multiple voices discussing the patient as a third person. Thought broadcast is a passivity experience where the patient believes their thoughts are being widely broadcasted after being taken away from their head. Thought withdrawal is the belief that one’s thoughts are being taken away from their head against their will. Somatic passivity is a delusional belief that one’s body is being controlled from outside, which is different from haptic hallucination.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 21 - A 25-year-old woman walking home late at night notices someone beckoning to her...

    Correct

    • A 25-year-old woman walking home late at night notices someone beckoning to her from a distance in the darkness. As she approaches, she realizes it's just a tree branch swaying in the wind. What is this occurrence called?

      Your Answer: Affect illusion

      Explanation:

      Affect illusions occur when a person’s mood affects their perception of everyday objects, leading to misinterpretation. These illusions are temporary and can be dispelled with increased attention. Completion illusions occur when the brain fills in incomplete perceptions with extrapolation from previous experiences to create meaning. An example is reading misprints in newspapers as if they were written correctly. Reflex hallucinations occur when a stimulus in one modality produces a hallucination in another modality. Pareidolic illusions involve a mixture of sensory perceptions and imagination, such as seeing faces in clouds.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 22 - A 45-year-old patient with schizophrenia has persistent delusions of persecution and is convinced...

    Incorrect

    • A 45-year-old patient with schizophrenia has persistent delusions of persecution and is convinced that the government is spying on him through his television.
      His new roommate, who has a cognitive impairment, begins to share the same belief and has placed aluminum foil over all the windows.
      What is the most probable scenario?

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: Folie imposée

      Explanation:

      Folie a deux is a type of shared psychosis where a mentally healthy person adopts the delusional beliefs of a mentally ill person with whom they have a close relationship. The mentally ill person is the primary individual with the delusion, while the mentally healthy person is the secondary individual who acquires the delusion. There are four different types of relationships between the primary and secondary individuals: folie imposée, folie communiqué, folie induite, and folie simultanée. In folie imposée, the delusions of the mentally ill person are imposed on the mentally healthy person, who may have some social of psychological disadvantage. In folie communiqué, the mentally healthy person initially resists the delusion but eventually adopts it and maintains it even after separation from the mentally ill person. In folie induite, a person who is already psychotic incorporates the delusions of a closely associated primary individual into their own delusional system. In folie simultanée, two of more people become psychotic and share the same delusional system at the same time.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 23 - A 30-year-old male experienced the sudden death of his spouse. Within a week,...

    Incorrect

    • A 30-year-old male experienced the sudden death of his spouse. Within a week, he arrived at the Emergency department with an inability to speak at a normal volume and could only communicate in hushed tones.

      What is the most probable cause of his symptoms?

      Your Answer: Logoclonia

      Correct Answer: Aphonia

      Explanation:

      Speech disturbances can be caused by organic of psychogenic disorders. In this case, the patient is experiencing dissociative aphonia, which is a conversion disorder where psychological stress is converted into physical symptoms. Aphonia is the loss of ability to vocalize, resulting in whispered speech, and can also occur in organic disorders. Dysphonia is a speech impairment characterized by hoarseness but without complete loss of function. Echolalia is the automatic repetition of words of parts of sentences spoken in the presence of the person. Logoclonia is a condition where the patient may get stuck on a particular word, resulting in spasmodic repetition of syllables of words. Stuttering is a speech disorder characterized by involuntary repetitions, prolongations, of blocks in speech flow, resulting in silent pauses of difficulty producing sounds.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 24 - The father-to-be experiences nausea, vomiting, and abdominal swelling during the course of his...

    Incorrect

    • The father-to-be experiences nausea, vomiting, and abdominal swelling during the course of his partner's pregnancy. What is the medical term for this condition?

      Your Answer: Cotard's syndrome

      Correct Answer: Couvade syndrome

      Explanation:

      Psychiatric Syndromes

      Couvade syndrome, also known as sympathetic pregnancy, is a conversion disorder that affects expectant fathers. It is characterized by the experience of physical symptoms of pregnancy. This is not a delusion, as the individual does not believe they are pregnant. Epidemiology, such as prevalence rates, may be useful in understanding this syndrome.

      Capgras syndrome is a delusional misidentification syndrome in which an individual believes that a familiar person has been replaced by an imposter.

      Cotard’s syndrome is a condition characterized by nihilistic delusions, such as the belief that one is dead.

      Frégoli syndrome is a delusional misidentification syndrome in which the patient falsely identifies familiar people in strangers.

      Koro is a culture-specific syndrome in which the patient believes that their penis is retracting into their abdomen and that they will die as a result.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      46
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  • Question 25 - A 25-year-old construction worker is scheduled to start a new job in two...

    Incorrect

    • A 25-year-old construction worker is scheduled to start a new job in two weeks. He tripped and fell at work and reported intense pain and difficulty walking. Despite normal test results, he persisted in complaining of severe pain and limited mobility.
      What is the most probable scenario in this situation?

      Your Answer: Munchausen's syndrome

      Correct Answer: Malingering

      Explanation:

      Malingering involves faking physical of mental symptoms for personal gain, such as financial compensation of avoiding certain responsibilities. In the case of the soldier, he may be fabricating symptoms to avoid being sent to Afghanistan.

      Ganser syndrome is often seen in individuals under severe stress, such as prisoners of soldiers awaiting trial of going to war. The person may mimic symptoms of severe psychiatric illness, including approximate answers, clouded consciousness, somatic conversion features, and pseudohallucinations.

      Munchausen’s syndrome is a type of factitious disorder where individuals repeatedly seek medical treatment for false symptoms and histories. There is no apparent secondary gain, but the motivation may be to assume the role of a patient and receive care.

      Pseudologia fantastica, of pathological lying, involves making grandiose and extreme false statements that are often believed by the person expressing them. This behavior is often associated with personality disorders, particularly histrionic of dissocial, and may be triggered by major life crises.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 26 - A man observes the image of an elderly man in the patterns of...

    Incorrect

    • A man observes the image of an elderly man in the patterns of his coffee grounds. What is the term for this perceptual anomaly?

      Your Answer: Autoscopic hallucination

      Correct Answer: Pareidolic illusion

      Explanation:

      Pareidolic illusions are vivid illusions that can occur from indistinct stimuli, such as seeing a face in the clouds. These illusions are a result of fantasy and vivid visual imagery and can intensify with concentration. Affect illusions arise from a particular mood state and disappear with concentration. Autoscopic hallucinations involve seeing oneself, such as in an out-of-body experience. Charles Bonnet syndrome is a type of hallucination that occurs in elderly people with reduced visual acuity. Complete illusions occur in the context of inattention, where an incomplete stimulus is perceived as complete. For more information, refer to Casey PR and Kelly B’s book, Fish’s Clinical Psychopathology: Signs and Symptoms in Psychiatry.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 27 - A 35-year-old woman with a three month history of 'strange actions' reports experiencing...

    Incorrect

    • A 35-year-old woman with a three month history of 'strange actions' reports experiencing her thoughts being spoken out loud simultaneously as they happen. What term describes this symptom?

      Your Answer: Thought broadcast

      Correct Answer: Gedankenlautwerden

      Explanation:

      Gedankenlautwerden is a symptom of schizophrenia where one hears their own thoughts spoken just before of at the same time as they occur. It is different from écho de la pensée, which refers to hearing one’s own thoughts spoken aloud after they have occurred. Functional hallucinations are triggered by an external stimulus in the same modality, while thought broadcasting involves the belief that someone of something has access to the patient’s thoughts. Extracampine hallucinations are those perceived as coming from outside the sensory field, such as hearing astronauts speaking on the moon.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      11.5
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  • Question 28 - What is meant by formication, an abnormal sensation experienced by some individuals? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is meant by formication, an abnormal sensation experienced by some individuals?

      Your Answer: Visual hallucinations occurring during alcohol withdrawal

      Correct Answer: Hallucinations of movements just below the skin

      Explanation:

      Formication refers to the sensation of movement under the skin, which can be associated with cocaine abuse and is commonly referred to as the cocaine bug. Autoscopic hallucinations occur when an individual perceives their own body as being projected into external space. Delirium tremens, a symptom of alcohol withdrawal, can cause visual hallucinations such as dark shadows of rats, often appearing as Lilliputian figures.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 29 - A child believes that their teacher is actually their parent in disguise. What...

    Incorrect

    • A child believes that their teacher is actually their parent in disguise. What is the term for this condition?

      Your Answer: Intermetamorphosis

      Correct Answer: Frégoli syndrome

      Explanation:

      Frégoli syndrome is a type of delusional misidentification syndrome where a person believes that a familiar person is taking on the appearance of other people. It is named after Leopold Frégoli, a famous impersonator known for his quick changes. In contrast, Capgras syndrome involves the belief that a familiar person has been replaced by an imposter, while Cotard’s syndrome is characterized by nihilistic delusions such as the belief that one is dead. Intermetamorphosis is another delusional misidentification syndrome where a person thinks they can see others physically and physiologically transform into someone else. Finally, the syndrome of subjective doubles involves the belief that another person has become a copy of oneself.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 30 - A 32-year-old teacher has been referred by the doctor with persistent feelings of...

    Correct

    • A 32-year-old teacher has been referred by the doctor with persistent feelings of sadness. She now describes experiencing a sense of disconnection and feels like she is watching herself in a surreal state. What is the most probable diagnosis?

      Your Answer: Depersonalisation

      Explanation:

      Depersonalisation is classified as a neurotic disorder in the ICD-10 and is characterized by feelings of detachment of distance from one’s own experiences and emotions. Derealisation, on the other hand, is a perceptual phenomenon in which the external world seems unreal. Dissociative fugue is a dissociative state that can lead to wandering and getting lost in another location. Hypochondriasis is a condition in which an individual excessively worries about having a serious illness, despite no evidence of a medical condition. Finally, somatisation is a chronic condition in which multiple physical complaints are present across various systems, but no physical cause can be identified, leading to frequent medical visits.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 31 - A 25-year-old individual ingests LSD at a social gathering and begins to perceive...

    Incorrect

    • A 25-year-old individual ingests LSD at a social gathering and begins to perceive their feet and hands as twisted and distorted. What type of body image distortion are they experiencing?

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: Paraschemazia

      Explanation:

      Paraschemazia is a type of body image distortion that involves a feeling that certain body parts are twisted, distorted, of separated from the rest of the body. This can be caused by various factors, including hallucinogenic drug use, epileptic aura, and migraine. Body image distortions can be caused by both organic and psychiatric conditions. Organic causes may include Brown-Séquard paralysis, epileptic aura, and migraine, while psychiatric causes may include anorexia nervosa, hypochondriasis, depersonalization, and conversion disorders. Hemiasomatognosia is a specific type of body image distortion where the person feels that one half of their body is missing, and it can occur in epileptic aura and migraine. Other types of body image distortions include hyperschemazia, where parts of the body feel magnified in size, and hyposchemazia, where parts of the body feel diminished in size.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 32 - A child in the hospital is experiencing tactile hallucinations during alcohol withdrawal. What...

    Incorrect

    • A child in the hospital is experiencing tactile hallucinations during alcohol withdrawal. What is the term used to describe this sensation?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Formication

      Explanation:

      The sensation of insects crawling on of under the skin is known as formication and is often linked to alcohol withdrawal of delirium. Briquet’s syndrome is a type of somatisation disorder. Jamais vu is a phenomenon where a person recognizes a situation but feels unfamiliar with it, which can be a normal experience. Lilliputian hallucinations, which involve seeing miniature people of animals, may be a symptom of temporal lobe epilepsy.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 33 - What is the meaning of the term vorbeigehen? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the meaning of the term vorbeigehen?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Giving approximate answers

      Explanation:

      Mitgehen, also known as the ‘anglepoise sign’, refers to a phenomenon where a patient moves in response to very slight pressure, indicating a lack of resistance of rigidity in their muscles. This can be observed in various conditions, including Parkinson’s disease and catatonia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 34 - A 25-year-old male patient when asked by the psychiatrist to sit down in...

    Incorrect

    • A 25-year-old male patient when asked by the psychiatrist to sit down in the consultation room takes three steps back from the chair. He eventually sits down when the psychiatrist insists.
      Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia is he displaying?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Negativism

      Explanation:

      Motor and Behavioural Disturbances in Schizophrenia

      Schizophrenia is often characterized by a range of motor and behavioural disturbances, which can be difficult to distinguish from one another. These disturbances can manifest in various ways, and may be arbitrary in nature.

      One common behavioural motor disorder seen in schizophrenia is negativism, which involves actively resisting attempts to make contact with the patient. This can make it challenging to communicate with and treat individuals with this condition.

      Another disturbance is in advertence, where the patient may turn towards the examiner in a bizarre, exaggerated, and inflexible manner when addressed. This can make it difficult to establish a rapport with the patient and understand their needs.

      Ambitendency is another common disturbance, where the patient alternates between cooperation and opposition, leading to unpredictable and diffident behaviour. This can make it challenging to establish a consistent treatment plan and maintain progress.

      Finally, satyriasis is a specific type of motor and behavioural disturbance seen in males with schizophrenia, characterized by excessive sexual activity. This can be a challenging symptom to manage and may require specialized treatment approaches.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 35 - You encounter a 30-year-old patient in the Emergency department who reports experiencing intense...

    Incorrect

    • You encounter a 30-year-old patient in the Emergency department who reports experiencing intense visual hallucinations while listening to music. How would you characterize this symptom?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Reflex hallucinations

      Explanation:

      Types of Hallucinations

      Reflex hallucinations occur when a stimulus in one sensory modality leads to hallucinations in another sensory modality. Autoscopy is the experience of seeing one’s own body projected into external space, typically in front of oneself. Extracampine hallucinations are those that occur outside of an individual’s sensory fields. Écho de la pensée refers to the experience of hearing voices that repeat one’s thoughts immediately after thinking them. Functional hallucinations occur when an external stimulus triggers hallucinations that are experienced simultaneously and in the same modality as the initial stimulus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 36 - In child psychology, what is the term used to describe the symptom where...

    Incorrect

    • In child psychology, what is the term used to describe the symptom where a child's speech is reduced to meaningless repetition of sounds, words, of phrases?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Verbigeration

      Explanation:

      Verbigeration is a type of abnormality where there is a loosening of association, which can occur in severe expressive aphasia of schizophrenia. Knight’s move thinking is another example of loosening of associations, where there is a transition from one topic to another with no logical relationship between them. Neologisms are words of phrases invented by the patient to describe a morbid experience. Overinclusion is when the boundaries of concepts are widened, grouping things together that are not normally connected. Vorbeireden, of talking past the point, is when the patient seems to be about to reach the end point of a topic but never actually does. For more information, the Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry is a recommended resource.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 37 - A 25-year-old male working in a coffee shop strongly believes that a 35-year-old...

    Incorrect

    • A 25-year-old male working in a coffee shop strongly believes that a 35-year-old regular customer is interested in him romantically. He thinks that she has been leaving bigger tips and was considering asking her out on a date. What is this belief known as?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Erotomania

      Explanation:

      A delusion is a false and unwavering belief that is not in line with the individual’s education, cultural of social background. It is held with strong conviction. Erotomania is a type of delusional disorder where the affected person believes that someone, usually of higher status and often a stranger, is in love with them. This disorder is more common in women and can cause them to believe that someone who has no knowledge of their existence is in love with them. Nymphomania is a condition where a woman experiences uncontrollable and excessive sexual desire, while satyriasis is the male equivalent. Morbid jealousy is a disorder that can manifest in various forms, including delusions, overvalued ideas, depressive affect, of anxiety state. With this disorder, a person may believe that their partner is being unfaithful without any of little evidence to support their belief. Grandiose delusion is where a person believes they have supernatural powers of are a famous celebrity, and may think they are involved in secret missions of have connections with wealthy and famous people.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 38 - What is the accurate information about neurasthenia? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the accurate information about neurasthenia?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: It is still retained as a category in ICD-10 classification

      Explanation:

      In 1869, George Miller Beard introduced the term ‘neurasthenia’ in an article published in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. He described anxiety as a key symptom of this condition, which he defined as a lack of nerve force. However, later interpretations of neurasthenia focused more on a state of fatigue and irritability rather than anxiety. While some classification systems have omitted neurasthenia, it remains a commonly used diagnosis in many countries and is still included as a category in ICD-10.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 39 - Which of the following is a first-rank symptom? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is a first-rank symptom?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Thought withdrawal

      Explanation:

      Kurt Schneider identified a set of symptoms that are highly indicative of schizophrenia, but not diagnostic. These are known as first-rank symptoms and include thought echo, third person auditory hallucinations, running commentary, made affect, made volition, made impulse, thought withdrawal, thought insertion, thought broadcast, delusional perception, and somatic passivity. Additionally, Schneider identified second-rank symptoms, which are common in schizophrenia but also occur in other mental illnesses. These include mood changes, emotional blunting, perplexity, and sudden delusional ideas.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 40 - A new parent tells you that lately, when they hear the sound of...

    Incorrect

    • A new parent tells you that lately, when they hear the sound of the dishwasher running, they think they have heard their infant fussing. However, when they turn off the dishwasher, the fussing has ceased.

      of what phenomenon is this an instance?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Functional hallucination

      Explanation:

      There are several types of perceptual experiences that fall under the category of hallucinations of synaesthesia. Functional hallucinations occur when a normal perception leads to a hallucinatory perception of the same modality, such as hearing music when a tap is running. Delusional perception, on the other hand, is a primary delusional experience that starts with a normal perception and is not an hallucination. Gedankenlautwerden is the experience of hearing one’s thoughts spoken aloud as they are thought, while reflex hallucination occurs when a stimulus in one sensory modality leads to an hallucination in another modality. Finally, synaesthesia is the automatic and involuntary experience of a stimulus in one sensory of cognitive pathway in a second pathway, such as experiencing letters of numbers as inherently coloured.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 41 - A 30-year-old man with schizophrenia believes that his thoughts are being stolen from...

    Incorrect

    • A 30-year-old man with schizophrenia believes that his thoughts are being stolen from his mind every night. When asked for proof, he points to the clouds in the sky, claiming they are taking his thoughts away. Which of the following is the most probable delusion?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Delusional perception

      Explanation:

      Delusions are false beliefs that are fixed and can be categorized as primary of secondary. Primary delusions include delusional intuition, delusional perception, delusional atmosphere, and delusional memory. Delusional atmosphere refers to a feeling that something is not right in the world around the patient, without any change in perception. Delusional intuition arises suddenly and occurs in a single stage, while delusional perception is a two-stage phenomenon where the patient misinterprets a normal perception with a delusional meaning. Delusional memory involves remembering past events with a delusional meaning. An example of delusional perception is when a patient misinterprets the marks of freckles and believes that water is being taken out of their body.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 42 - Which of the following experiences is usually considered normal and not a sign...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following experiences is usually considered normal and not a sign of illness?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Hypnagogic hallucination

      Explanation:

      Mitmachen involves manipulating a patient’s body into a specific posture, even if they resist. Mitgehen is a more severe form of mitmachen, where even slight pressure can cause the patient to move in any direction, similar to an anglepoise effect. Hypnagogic hallucinations are a common occurrence when falling asleep, while chorea is characterized by sudden and jerky movements that resemble purposeful actions. Echopraxia refers to the imitation of another person’s movements.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 43 - Which of the following is a cognitive condition affecting the content of one's...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is a cognitive condition affecting the content of one's thoughts?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Delusional perception

      Explanation:

      A delusional perception is when a normal percept is interpreted in a delusional way, rather than simply fitting into an existing delusional belief system. This is different from disorders of form of thought, such as circumstantiality (slow thinking with inclusion of trivial details), thought block (sudden interruption of thought), derailment (breakdown of association between thoughts), and flight of ideas (increase in flow of thinking with frequent changes in goal and tangents).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 44 - The acquaintances of a 60-year-old wealthy individual reached out to social services after...

    Incorrect

    • The acquaintances of a 60-year-old wealthy individual reached out to social services after noticing a foul smell coming from their residence. The person has been isolating themselves for the past three years. Upon inspection, it was evident that they were living in unsanitary conditions and neglecting their personal hygiene. What is the most probable scenario in this situation?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Diogenes syndrome

      Explanation:

      Diogenes syndrome is a condition where elderly reclusive individuals, often wealthy and intelligent, exhibit gross self-neglect without necessarily having a psychiatric illness. It is named after an ancient Greek philosopher known for his simple lifestyle. Briquet’s syndrome, now called somatisation syndrome, is a chronic condition where individuals have multiple physical complaints across various systems without any physical cause found. Cotard’s syndrome is a type of psychotic depression in the elderly, characterized by nihilistic and hypochondriacal delusions, along with a depressed mood and either retardation of agitation. Munchausen’s syndrome is a factitious disorder where individuals repeatedly seek medical treatment for false symptoms and history, seemingly motivated by assuming the role of a patient and receiving care.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 45 - You are examining a 67-year-old man who has a long history of heavy...

    Incorrect

    • You are examining a 67-year-old man who has a long history of heavy alcohol consumption. As you lead him to the examination room, you ask him to take a seat and say, Do you recall coming to this room a few weeks ago?.
      He pauses for a moment and replies, I do remember coming here with my daughter, but this room...I can't seem to recall.
      What term would you use to describe this occurrence?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Jamais vu

      Explanation:

      Phenomena of Memory

      There are several phenomena related to memory that people may experience. Jamais vu is when someone cognitively knows they have experienced a situation, but it does not feel familiar to them. Confabulation is when someone falsifies a memory while in clear consciousness. Déjà vu is a feeling of familiarity for a new event that has not been experienced before. Derealisation is a feeling of unreality in perception and altered feelings towards perceived objects. Finally, panoramic recall is when a patient feels like they are rapidly re-enacting long periods of their life.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 46 - Which of the following is one of Schneider's first rank symptoms? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is one of Schneider's first rank symptoms?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Delusional perception

      Explanation:

      Delusional perception is a symptom of schizophrenia where a person interprets normal sensory experiences with a delusional meaning. Other first rank symptoms of schizophrenia include delusions, auditory hallucinations, thought disorders, and passivity experiences. Delusional awareness is when ideas seem more real, while delusional intuition is a sudden onset of delusional beliefs. Delusional mood is a feeling of unease and confusion where the environment seems threatening but the reason is unclear to the person experiencing it.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 47 - As an examining physician, have you ever encountered a situation where you can...

    Incorrect

    • As an examining physician, have you ever encountered a situation where you can easily move a patient's arm upwards with minimal pressure, despite their attempts to resist? And once you stop applying pressure, the arm returns to its original position? If so, what is this sign called?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Mitgehen

      Explanation:

      Mitgehen is a type of extreme cooperation that is observed in catatonia, where the patient moves their body in the direction of even the slightest pressure. It is crucial that the patient has been instructed to resist manipulation. This phenomenon is also referred to as the ‘angle poise lamp sign’ and is a form of automatic obedience. Catalepsy is another sign seen in catatonia, where patients maintain unusual postures for extended periods of time. In contrast, cataplexy is a sudden loss of muscle tone that leads to collapse and is commonly observed in narcolepsy. Gegenhalten is an involuntary resistance to passive movements. Mitmachen is a milder form of automatic obedience, where the patient’s body can be moved into any position without resistance when instructed to resist manipulation. Mitmachen is less severe than mitgehen, as the pressure required to elicit movements in mitgehen is very minimal.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 48 - A middle-aged woman with a long history of temporal lobe epilepsy enters a...

    Incorrect

    • A middle-aged woman with a long history of temporal lobe epilepsy enters a museum and is perplexed by the sensation of having previously visited the museum. She is on vacation and has never been to this city before.
      What could account for her encounter?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Déjà vu

      Explanation:

      Different Types of Memory-Related Experiences

      There are various types of experiences related to memory, including déjà vu, jamais vu, confabulation, dissociative fugue state, and recognition. Déjà vu is when a person feels a sense of familiarity with an event that they are experiencing for the first time. This can occur in normal individuals, but it can also be a symptom of temporal lobe epilepsy of cerebrovascular disorder.

      Confabulation is when a person falsifies their memory while being fully conscious. They may try to cover up memory gaps with excuses related to their recent behavior. Dissociative fugue state is when a person wanders away from their normal surroundings, experiences amnesia, and appears to be in good contact with their environment while maintaining basic self-care.

      In contrast, jamais vu is when a person does not feel familiar with an experience that they have had before. Recognition is the sense of familiarity that accompanies the return of stored material to consciousness. While it is not strictly part of the memory process, it is connected to it. It is important to note that these experiences can occur in both neurotic patients and normal individuals, and should not be solely relied upon as evidence of temporal lobe epilepsy.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 49 - A 65-year-old man who suffered a head injury is unable to retrieve previously...

    Incorrect

    • A 65-year-old man who suffered a head injury is unable to retrieve previously learned information from his memory. What specific aspect of memory function is impaired?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Retrieval

      Explanation:

      Long term memory can be categorized into five functions: Registration, Retention, Retrieval, Recall, and Recognition. Memory issues can arise in any of these areas. Retrieval refers to the ability to retrieve stored information from memory, and its loss indicates an organic cause. Registration involves the ability to add new information to the memory store, which can occur through repeated exposure of a single presentation. Retention refers to the ability to store information that can be retrieved later. Recall is the act of bringing stored information back into consciousness at a specific time. Recognition is the feeling of familiarity that accompanies the retrieval of stored information, and while it is related to memory, it is not strictly a part of the memory process.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 50 - In child psychology, what is the term used to describe the symptom where...

    Incorrect

    • In child psychology, what is the term used to describe the symptom where a child's speech is reduced to meaningless repetition of sounds, words, of phrases?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Verbigeration

      Explanation:

      When a patient exhibits verbigeration, it can be a sign of loosening of association, which can also be seen in severe expressive aphasia and sometimes in schizophrenia. Knight’s move thinking is another example of loosening of associations, where the patient transitions from one topic to another without any logical connection. Neologisms are words of phrases created by the patient to describe their experiences, often related to their illness. Overinclusion is when the patient expands the boundaries of concepts, grouping things together that are not normally associated. Talking past the point, of vorbeireden, is when the patient seems to be approaching the end of a topic but never actually reaches it.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 51 - A suspect awaiting trial provides vague responses to the inquiries posed by the...

    Incorrect

    • A suspect awaiting trial provides vague responses to the inquiries posed by the investigators. He has a past of participating in a brawl and experiencing a head trauma. During his confinement, he has reported hearing voices that seem to originate from inside his mind.
      What is the most probable scenario?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Ganser syndrome

      Explanation:

      Ganser syndrome is characterized by approximate answers, clouding of consciousness, somatic conversion features, and pseudohallucinations. It is controversially classified as a reactive psychosis, with stressful life events as a possible trigger. Pseudologia fantastica, of pathological lying, involves grandiose and extreme untruthful statements that may be believed by the individual, often associated with personality disorders such as histrionic of dissocial and precipitated by major life crises. Cryptomnesia involves falsely recalling an idea, thought, of song as new and original. Confabulation is the falsification of memory in clear consciousness, often used to cover up memory gaps. Dissociative fugue state involves narrowing of consciousness, wandering away from normal surroundings, and subsequent amnesia, with the individual appearing to be in good contact with their environment and maintaining basic self-care.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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