-
Question 1
Incorrect
-
In which one of the following positions does hyperextension of the fetal head occur?
Your Answer: Vertex presentation
Correct Answer: Face presentation
Explanation:Face presentation is the abnormal position of the fetal head in labour. In this position the neck is hyperextended.
Vertex position is the normal presentation of the foetus for delivery, in which the head is flexed and the position of the chin is towards the chest. -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 2
Incorrect
-
Which of the following muscles does NOT receive innervation from the pudendal nerve?
Your Answer: External anal sphincter
Correct Answer: Internal anal sphincter
Explanation:The internal anal sphincter is innervated by pelvic splanchnic nerves
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 3
Incorrect
-
Regarding lymph drainage of the lower vagina where does the majority of lymph drain to?
Your Answer: External iliac node
Correct Answer: Inguinal nodes
Explanation:The lower vagina drains to the inguinal nodes where as the upper vagina drains to the internal and external iliacs
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 4
Incorrect
-
What are the branches of the pudendal nerves in females?
Your Answer: Perineal, ilioinguinal and dorsal clitoral
Correct Answer: Perineal, inferior rectal and dorsal nerve of clitoris
Explanation:The pudendal nerve provides sensory and motor innervation to regions of the anus, the perineum, the labia and the clitoris in women. The nerve is formed from the ventral rami of the S2-S4 sacral spinal nerves. The nerve is paired, each innervating the left and the right side of the body. The nerve gives the following branches in females: the inferior anal nerve, the perineal nerve and the dorsal nerve of the clitoris.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 5
Correct
-
You see a patient who is 32 weeks pregnant. She complains of tingling to the right buttock and shooting pain down the leg. You suspect Piriformis syndrome. Regarding Piriformis which of the following statements are true?
Your Answer: Insertion is onto the greater trochanter
Explanation:Nerve Supply: L5 to S2 via Nerve to Piriformis
Origin: Sacrum
Insertion: Greater trochanter
Action: External rotation of hip
Blood Supply: Superior and Inferior gluteal arteries and lateral sacral arteries -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 6
Incorrect
-
How many seminiferous tubules would you typically expect to find in a testicular lobule?
Your Answer: 2 million
Correct Answer: 2
Explanation:There are between 250 and 400 lobules in each testis. The lobule is a structural unit of the testis with each lobule contained in one of the intervals between fibrous septa which extend between the mediastinum testis and the tunica albuginea. Each lobule contains 1 to 3 seminiferous tubules.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 7
Correct
-
Bladder contraction during voiding (micturating) is mediated via innervation of which of the following pathways?
Your Answer: Parasympathetic fibres from S2,S3,S4 nerve roots
Explanation:Detrusor contraction is via Parasympathetic innervation of pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-4). This also causes relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter Note contraction and relaxation of the external urethral sphincter is under somatic control.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 8
Correct
-
Which of the following leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen?
Your Answer: Pudendal Nerve
Explanation:The pudendal nerve is formed by sacral nerve roots S2, S3 and S4 almost immediately as they exit the spinal foramina. The pudendal nerve exits the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen, travels behind the sacrospinous ligament before re-entering the pelvis via the lesser sciatic foramen. It is an important nerve to be aware of as it supplies sensation to the genitalia and can also be damaged/compressed at a number of places along its course. Image sourced from Wikipedia
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 9
Correct
-
You have been asked to perform a pudendal nerve block on a patient by your consultant. The pudendal nerve is formed from which spinal segments?
Your Answer: S2,S3 and S4
Explanation:The pudendal nerve has its origins form S2, S3 and S4 spinal segments. It provides sensation to the clitoris and labia along with the ilioinguinal nerve.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 10
Correct
-
Regarding the urinary bladder, what type of epithelium lines it?
Your Answer: Transitional
Explanation:The urinary bladder, and most of the urinary structures are lined by epithelium called the urothelium, or the transitional epithelium. This stratified lining is divided into three parts, an apical layer, an intermediate layer and a basal layer. The transitional epithelium is available to stretch to accommodate the increased volume when the bladder is distended, without structural damage.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 11
Incorrect
-
Question 12
Incorrect
-
Regarding the pelvic outlet, what structure marks the posterior boundary?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Tip of the coccyx
Explanation:The bony pelvis is made up of a girdle with a central canal. The rim that surrounds the upper opening of the canal is called the pelvic inlet, while the lower rim is the called the pelvic outlet. The pelvic outlet is diamond-shaped and is bounded posteriorly by the tip of the sacrum, and anteriorly by the pubic symphysis, with its lateral boundaries being the ischial tuberosities and the sacrotuberous ligament.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 13
Incorrect
-
After a vaginal delivery, a patient suffers a perineal tear. On examination the laceration involves the external anal sphincter and has partially torn the internal anal sphincter. Which of the following classifies this tear?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: 3c
Explanation:During childbearing the vagina and perineum are prone to lacerations that may involve the skin or can extend into the anal sphincter complex. It is important to be able to identify obstetric and anal sphincter injuries to provide adequate care and prevent complications. In the classification of obstetric tears according to RCOG guidelines:
First degree tear: injury to the perineal skin and/or the vaginal mucosa
Second degree tears: Injury to perineum involving perineal muscles but not the anal sphincter.
Third-degree tear: Injury to perineum involving the anal sphincter complex:
Grade 3a tear: Less than 50% of external anal sphincter (EAS) thickness torn.
Grade 3b tear: More than 50% of EAS thickness torn.
Grade 3c tear: Both EAS and internal anal sphincter (IAS) torn.
Fourth-degree tear: Injury to perineum involving the anal sphincter complex (EAS and IAS)
and anorectal mucosa. -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 14
Incorrect
-
Question 15
Incorrect
-
Which of the following nerves passes through the inguinal canal?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Ilioinguinal nerve
Explanation:The contents of the inguinal canal is the ilioinguinal nerves, the round ligament of uterus in the females and the spermatic cord with its contents in males.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 16
Incorrect
-
Bladder neck closure and relaxation of the bladder is mediated by?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Sympathetic Fibres L1,L2
Explanation:The neck of the bladder is surrounded by the internal sphincter. It is supplied by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves of the splanchnic nerve. Parasympathetic stimulation causes the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax. It Is predominantly by the parasympathetic nerves S2-S4. Relaxation of the bladder is caused by inhibiting the sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and exciting the lumbar sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Remember SYMPATHETIC is for STORAGE and PARASYMPATHETIC is for PEEING.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 17
Incorrect
-
Which of the following arteries branches directly from the aorta?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Ovarian
Explanation:The uterine and vaginal arteries branch from the internal iliac artery. The ovarian artery branches direct from the aorta.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 18
Incorrect
-
You are asked to assess a patients perineal tear following labour by vaginal delivery. You note a laceration that extends approximately a quarter of the thickness through the external anal sphincter. How would you classify this tear?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: 3a
Explanation:1. First-degree trauma corresponds to lacerations of the skin/vaginal epithelium alone.
2. Second-degree tears involve perineal muscles and therefore include episiotomies.
3. Third-degree extensions involve any part of the anal sphincter complex (external and internal sphincters):
i Less than 50 per cent of the external anal
sphincter is torn.
ii More than 50 per cent of the external anal
sphincter is torn.
iii Tear involves the internal anal sphincter
(usually there is complete disruption of the
external sphincter).
4. Fourth-degree tears involve injury to the anal sphincter complex extending into the rectal mucosa. -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 19
Incorrect
-
During the filling phase of micturition. At what bladder volume is the first urge to void felt?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: 150ml
Explanation:Micturition is defined as a process of expelling urine from the body. It is caused by the reflex contraction of detrusor muscle. Urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ which can store 400-600ml of urine until it is expelled from the body. The first urge to urinate is felt when the bladder is filled with around 150ml of urine. The reflex action is initiated when the stretch receptors located in the bladder wall are stimulated. The afferent fibres pass to the pelvic splanchnic nerves to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sacral segments and some pass through the hypogastric plexus to the first and second lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Efferent pathways from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sacral segments leave the cords and through the splanchnic nerves and inferior hypogastric plexus supplies the smooth muscle of the bladder i.e. detrusor muscle. Detrusor muscle contracts and the sphincters are relaxed.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 20
Incorrect
-
A patient who is 36 weeks pregnant comes to see you as she has developed tingling to the right lateral thigh over the past 3 weeks. On examination there are no skin changes and no muscle weakness. What is the likely diagnosis?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Meralgia Paraesthetica
Explanation:Raised pressure with the pelvis can cause a number of nerve entrapment syndromes. This is entrapment of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (or lateral femoral cutaneous nerve) also known as Meralgia Paraesthetica. Pregnancy is a risk factor. Shingles can effect this nerve but the rash would usually present itself within 14days.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 21
Incorrect
-
All of the following are features of the female bony pelvis, except?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: It is funnel shaped
Explanation:The female bony pelvis is larger, broader and more of a funnel shape. The inlet is larger and oval in shape and the sides of the female pelvis are wider apart.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 22
Incorrect
-
The external anal sphincter is innervated by which nerves?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Inferior rectal
Explanation:The external anal sphincter is innervated by the inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2-4) while the internal anal sphincter is innervated by autonomic nerves.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 23
Incorrect
-
Question 24
Incorrect
-
A patient undergoes oophorectomy and the ovarian veins are ligated. Which vein does the left ovary drain into?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Left renal
Explanation:The right ovarian vein ascends and enters the inferior vena cava and the left ovarian vein drains into the longer left renal vein.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 25
Incorrect
-
Regarding the Pituitary gland which of the following statements is true?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: It is surrounded by the sella turcica
Explanation:The Sella turcica is composed of three parts:
1. The tuberculum sellae (horn of saddle): a variable slight to prominent median elevation forming the posterior
boundary of the prechiasmatic sulcus and the anterior boundary of the hypophysial fossa.
2. The hypophysial fossa (pituitary fossa): a median depression (seat of saddle) in the body of the sphenoid that accommodates the pituitary gland (L. hypophysis).
3. The dorsum sellae (back of saddle): a square plate of bone projecting superiorly from the body of the sphenoid.
It forms the posterior boundary of the Sella turcica, and its prominent superolateral angles make up the posterior clinoid processes. -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 26
Incorrect
-
Question 27
Incorrect
-
Leydig cells contain receptors to which hormone?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: LH
Explanation:The Leydig cells contain receptors to the luteinizing hormone which in turn is responsible for the production of testosterone. This circulates in the body predominantly bound to transport proteins and to a lesser extent to albumin.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 28
Incorrect
-
The femoral triangle is bounded medially by which of the following structures?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Adductor longus
Explanation:The femoral triangle is bounded superiorly by the inguinal ligament which forms the base of the triangle, medially by the lateral border of the adductor longus and laterally by the sartorius muscle.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 29
Incorrect
-
The arcuate line forms part of the border of the pelvic brim. Where is it located?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Ilium
Explanation:The arcuate line is a smooth rounded border on the internal surface of the ilium just inferior to the iliac fossa. It forms the boundary of the pelvic inlet.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
-
Question 30
Incorrect
-
The main support of the uterus is provided by:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: The cardinal ligament
Explanation:The cardinal ligament (or Mackenrodt’s ligament, lateral or transverse cervical ligament) is a major ligament of the uterus. It is located at the base of the broad ligament of the uterus. It attaches the cervix to the lateral pelvic wall by its attachment to the Obturator fascia of the Obturator internus muscle, and is continuous externally with the fibrous tissue that surrounds the pelvic blood vessels. It thus provides support to the uterus.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
-
00
Correct
00
Incorrect
00
:
00
:
00
Session Time
00
:
00
Average Question Time (
Secs)