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Question 1
Incorrect
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The median umbilical ligament is a remnant of what structure?
Your Answer: Paraumbilical Veins
Correct Answer: Urachus
Explanation:MEDIAL umbilical ligament = remnant fetal umbilical arteries
MEDIAN umbilical ligament = remnant of urachus -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
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Question 2
Incorrect
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A patient undergoes oophorectomy and the ovarian veins are ligated. Which vein does the left ovary drain into?
Your Answer: Inferior vena cava
Correct Answer: Left renal
Explanation:The right ovarian vein ascends and enters the inferior vena cava and the left ovarian vein drains into the longer left renal vein.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
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Question 3
Correct
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The arcuate line forms part of the border of the pelvic brim. Where is it located?
Your Answer: Ilium
Explanation:The arcuate line is a smooth rounded border on the internal surface of the ilium just inferior to the iliac fossa. It forms the boundary of the pelvic inlet.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
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Question 4
Incorrect
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Regarding the Pituitary gland which of the following statements is true?
Your Answer: It rests on the Ethmoid bone in the skull base
Correct Answer: It is surrounded by the sella turcica
Explanation:The Sella turcica is composed of three parts:
1. The tuberculum sellae (horn of saddle): a variable slight to prominent median elevation forming the posterior
boundary of the prechiasmatic sulcus and the anterior boundary of the hypophysial fossa.
2. The hypophysial fossa (pituitary fossa): a median depression (seat of saddle) in the body of the sphenoid that accommodates the pituitary gland (L. hypophysis).
3. The dorsum sellae (back of saddle): a square plate of bone projecting superiorly from the body of the sphenoid.
It forms the posterior boundary of the Sella turcica, and its prominent superolateral angles make up the posterior clinoid processes. -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
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Question 5
Incorrect
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A patient who is 36 weeks pregnant comes to see you as she has developed tingling to the right lateral thigh over the past 3 weeks. On examination there are no skin changes and no muscle weakness. What is the likely diagnosis?
Your Answer: Femoral Nerve entrapment
Correct Answer: Meralgia Paraesthetica
Explanation:Raised pressure with the pelvis can cause a number of nerve entrapment syndromes. This is entrapment of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (or lateral femoral cutaneous nerve) also known as Meralgia Paraesthetica. Pregnancy is a risk factor. Shingles can effect this nerve but the rash would usually present itself within 14days.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
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Question 6
Correct
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During the filling phase of micturition. At what bladder volume is the first urge to void felt?
Your Answer: 150ml
Explanation:Micturition is defined as a process of expelling urine from the body. It is caused by the reflex contraction of detrusor muscle. Urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ which can store 400-600ml of urine until it is expelled from the body. The first urge to urinate is felt when the bladder is filled with around 150ml of urine. The reflex action is initiated when the stretch receptors located in the bladder wall are stimulated. The afferent fibres pass to the pelvic splanchnic nerves to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sacral segments and some pass through the hypogastric plexus to the first and second lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Efferent pathways from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sacral segments leave the cords and through the splanchnic nerves and inferior hypogastric plexus supplies the smooth muscle of the bladder i.e. detrusor muscle. Detrusor muscle contracts and the sphincters are relaxed.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
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Question 7
Incorrect
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The round ligament develops from which structure?
Your Answer: Allantois
Correct Answer: Gubernaculum
Explanation:The round ligament develops from the lower end of the gubernaculum in females. In the males it persists as the scrotal ligament.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
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Question 8
Correct
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The femoral triangle is bounded medially by which of the following structures?
Your Answer: Adductor longus
Explanation:The femoral triangle is bounded superiorly by the inguinal ligament which forms the base of the triangle, medially by the lateral border of the adductor longus and laterally by the sartorius muscle.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
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Question 9
Correct
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Question 10
Correct
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You are asked to assess a patients perineal tear following labour by vaginal delivery. You note a laceration that extends approximately a quarter of the thickness through the external anal sphincter. How would you classify this tear?
Your Answer: 3a
Explanation:1. First-degree trauma corresponds to lacerations of the skin/vaginal epithelium alone.
2. Second-degree tears involve perineal muscles and therefore include episiotomies.
3. Third-degree extensions involve any part of the anal sphincter complex (external and internal sphincters):
i Less than 50 per cent of the external anal
sphincter is torn.
ii More than 50 per cent of the external anal
sphincter is torn.
iii Tear involves the internal anal sphincter
(usually there is complete disruption of the
external sphincter).
4. Fourth-degree tears involve injury to the anal sphincter complex extending into the rectal mucosa. -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
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Question 11
Incorrect
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All of the following are features of the female bony pelvis, except?
Your Answer: Has a pubic angle greater than 90 degrees
Correct Answer: It is funnel shaped
Explanation:The female bony pelvis is larger, broader and more of a funnel shape. The inlet is larger and oval in shape and the sides of the female pelvis are wider apart.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
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Question 12
Incorrect
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The main support of the uterus is provided by:
Your Answer: The broad ligament
Correct Answer: The cardinal ligament
Explanation:The cardinal ligament (or Mackenrodt’s ligament, lateral or transverse cervical ligament) is a major ligament of the uterus. It is located at the base of the broad ligament of the uterus. It attaches the cervix to the lateral pelvic wall by its attachment to the Obturator fascia of the Obturator internus muscle, and is continuous externally with the fibrous tissue that surrounds the pelvic blood vessels. It thus provides support to the uterus.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
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Question 13
Incorrect
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Regarding the pelvic outlet, what structure marks the posterior boundary?
Your Answer: Ischial tuberosities
Correct Answer: Tip of the coccyx
Explanation:The bony pelvis is made up of a girdle with a central canal. The rim that surrounds the upper opening of the canal is called the pelvic inlet, while the lower rim is the called the pelvic outlet. The pelvic outlet is diamond-shaped and is bounded posteriorly by the tip of the sacrum, and anteriorly by the pubic symphysis, with its lateral boundaries being the ischial tuberosities and the sacrotuberous ligament.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
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Question 14
Correct
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The external anal sphincter is innervated by which nerves?
Your Answer: Inferior rectal
Explanation:The external anal sphincter is innervated by the inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2-4) while the internal anal sphincter is innervated by autonomic nerves.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
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Question 15
Correct
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Leydig cells contain receptors to which hormone?
Your Answer: LH
Explanation:The Leydig cells contain receptors to the luteinizing hormone which in turn is responsible for the production of testosterone. This circulates in the body predominantly bound to transport proteins and to a lesser extent to albumin.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
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Question 16
Incorrect
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Question 17
Correct
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Question 18
Correct
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After a vaginal delivery, a patient suffers a perineal tear. On examination the laceration involves the external anal sphincter and has partially torn the internal anal sphincter. Which of the following classifies this tear?
Your Answer: 3c
Explanation:During childbearing the vagina and perineum are prone to lacerations that may involve the skin or can extend into the anal sphincter complex. It is important to be able to identify obstetric and anal sphincter injuries to provide adequate care and prevent complications. In the classification of obstetric tears according to RCOG guidelines:
First degree tear: injury to the perineal skin and/or the vaginal mucosa
Second degree tears: Injury to perineum involving perineal muscles but not the anal sphincter.
Third-degree tear: Injury to perineum involving the anal sphincter complex:
Grade 3a tear: Less than 50% of external anal sphincter (EAS) thickness torn.
Grade 3b tear: More than 50% of EAS thickness torn.
Grade 3c tear: Both EAS and internal anal sphincter (IAS) torn.
Fourth-degree tear: Injury to perineum involving the anal sphincter complex (EAS and IAS)
and anorectal mucosa. -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
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Question 19
Correct
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Which of the following nerves passes through the inguinal canal?
Your Answer: Ilioinguinal nerve
Explanation:The contents of the inguinal canal is the ilioinguinal nerves, the round ligament of uterus in the females and the spermatic cord with its contents in males.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
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Question 20
Correct
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Bladder neck closure and relaxation of the bladder is mediated by?
Your Answer: Sympathetic Fibres L1,L2
Explanation:The neck of the bladder is surrounded by the internal sphincter. It is supplied by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves of the splanchnic nerve. Parasympathetic stimulation causes the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax. It Is predominantly by the parasympathetic nerves S2-S4. Relaxation of the bladder is caused by inhibiting the sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and exciting the lumbar sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Remember SYMPATHETIC is for STORAGE and PARASYMPATHETIC is for PEEING.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
