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Question 1
Incorrect
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What is a true statement about the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale?
Your Answer: It can be used to diagnose depression
Correct Answer: It is a self-report questionnaire
Explanation:Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a 10-item self-report questionnaire designed to screen for postnatal depression in primary care settings. It should only be used to assess a women’s mood over the past seven days and cannot be used to diagnose depression. The EPDS excludes some symptoms common in the perinatal period, such as tiredness and irritability, as they do not differentiate between depressed and non-depressed postnatal women. Women are asked to select one of four responses that most closely represents how they have felt over the past seven days. Scores for the 10 items are added together, with a score of 0-9 indicating a low likelihood of depression, 10-12 indicating a moderate likelihood, and 13 of more indicating a high likelihood. The statements include feelings of happiness, sadness, anxiety, and thoughts of self-harm.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Classification And Assessment
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Question 2
Incorrect
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As an examining physician, have you ever encountered a situation where you can easily move a patient's arm upwards with minimal pressure, despite their attempts to resist? And once you stop applying pressure, the arm returns to its original position? If so, what is this sign called?
Your Answer: Cataplexy
Correct Answer: Mitgehen
Explanation:Mitgehen is a type of extreme cooperation that is observed in catatonia, where the patient moves their body in the direction of even the slightest pressure. It is crucial that the patient has been instructed to resist manipulation. This phenomenon is also referred to as the ‘angle poise lamp sign’ and is a form of automatic obedience. Catalepsy is another sign seen in catatonia, where patients maintain unusual postures for extended periods of time. In contrast, cataplexy is a sudden loss of muscle tone that leads to collapse and is commonly observed in narcolepsy. Gegenhalten is an involuntary resistance to passive movements. Mitmachen is a milder form of automatic obedience, where the patient’s body can be moved into any position without resistance when instructed to resist manipulation. Mitmachen is less severe than mitgehen, as the pressure required to elicit movements in mitgehen is very minimal.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Descriptive Psychopathology
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Question 3
Incorrect
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What is the frequency of the A allele in the population of 400 diploid individuals, given that 15 individuals have the AA genotype and 25 have the Aa genotype?
Your Answer: 0.14
Correct Answer: 0.07
Explanation:Hardy-Weinberg Principle and Allele Frequency
Allele frequency refers to the proportion of a population that carries a specific variant at a particular gene locus. It can be calculated by dividing the number of individual alleles of a certain type by the total number of alleles in a population. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle states that both allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation unless specific disturbing influences are introduced. To remain in equilibrium, five conditions must be met, including no mutations, no gene flow, random mating, a sufficiently large population, and no natural selection. The Hardy-Weinberg Equation is used to predict the frequency of alleles in a population, and it can be used to estimate the carrier frequency of genetic diseases. For example, if the incidence of PKU is one in 10,000 babies, then the carrier frequency in the general population is 1/50. Couples with a previous child with PKU have a 25% chance of having another affected child.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Genetics
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Question 4
Incorrect
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What is a true statement about the AUDIT questionnaire?
Your Answer: It takes an average of 1 hour to complete
Correct Answer: It includes a total of 10 questions
Explanation:Alcohol screening tools are available to assist in the diagnosis of alcohol problems. One such tool is the AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), which consists of 10 questions and covers harmful use, hazardous use, and dependence. Another tool is the FAST (Fast Alcohol Screening Test), which has just 4 questions and was developed for use in a busy medical setting. The CAGE is a well-known 4 question screening tool, but recent research has questioned its value. Other tools include SASQ (Single alcohol screening questionnaire), PAT (Paddington Alcohol Test), MAST (Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test), and RAPS4 (Rapid Alcohol Problem Screen 4). These tools can help identify hazardous of harmful alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Classification And Assessment
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Question 5
Incorrect
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What substance acts as an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist and mimics the effects of noradrenaline?
Your Answer: Atomoxetine
Correct Answer: Clonidine
Explanation:ADHD medications can be classified into stimulant and non-stimulant drugs. The therapeutic effects of these drugs are believed to be mediated through the action of noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex. Common side effects of these drugs include decreased appetite, insomnia, nervousness, headache, and nausea. Stimulant drugs like dexamphetamine, methylphenidate, and lisdexamfetamine inhibit the reuptake of dopamine and noradrenaline. Non-stimulant drugs like atomoxetine, guanfacine, and clonidine work by increasing noradrenaline levels in the synaptic cleft through different mechanisms. The most common side effects of these drugs are decreased appetite, somnolence, headache, and abdominal pain.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Psychopharmacology
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Question 6
Incorrect
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What is the characteristic feature that is specific to Wilson's disease?
Your Answer: Palmar erythema
Correct Answer: Kayser-Fleischer Ring
Explanation:While other conditions may also present with the same symptoms, a Kayser-Fleischer Ring, characterized by a golden-brown corneal ring due to copper deposits at the Descemet’s membrane, is considered a definitive indicator of Wilson’s disease.
Understanding Wilson’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Management
Wilson’s disease, also known as hepatolenticular degeneration, is a genetic disorder that affects copper storage in the body. This condition is caused by a defect in the ATP7B gene, which leads to the accumulation of copper in the liver and brain. The onset of symptoms usually occurs between the ages of 10 and 25, with liver disease being the most common presentation in children and neurological symptoms in young adults.
The excessive deposition of copper in the tissues can cause a range of symptoms, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, basal ganglia degeneration, speech and behavioral problems, asterixis, chorea, dementia, Kayser-Fleischer rings, sunflower cataract, renal tubular acidosis, haemolysis, and blue nails. Diagnosis is based on reduced serum ceruloplasmin, reduced serum copper, and increased 24-hour urinary copper excretion.
The traditional first-line treatment for Wilson’s disease is penicillamine, which chelates copper. Trientine hydrochloride is an alternative chelating agent that may become first-line treatment in the future. Tetrathiomolybdate is a newer agent that is currently under investigation.
In summary, Wilson’s disease is a genetic disorder that affects copper storage in the body, leading to a range of symptoms that can affect the liver, brain, and eyes. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Classification And Assessment
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Question 7
Correct
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In his influential theory of psychiatric classification (1953), Lewis emphasized which method of diagnosis?
Your Answer: Disturbance of part functions
Explanation:Lewis’ Views on Mental Illness Diagnosis
Lewis believed that mental illness could be understood by examining the disturbance of part functions of the brain, such as emotion, perception, and memory, as well as a reduction in general efficiency. However, he cautioned against using socially deviant behavior as a means of diagnosis. Instead, he advocated for a multi-axial formulation approach, which was first proposed by Essen-Möller in 1947. Lewis also warned against relying on response to psychotropic medication as a reliable method of diagnosis. Overall, Lewis emphasized the importance of a comprehensive and nuanced approach to diagnosing mental illness.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Classification And Assessment
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Question 8
Incorrect
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From which group did Lorenz develop his theory of aggression?
Your Answer: Male prisoners
Correct Answer: Birds
Explanation:Theories of aggression can be categorized into three main perspectives: psychodynamic, sociological/drive, and cognitive and learning. Psychodynamic theory, proposed by Freud, suggests that aggression arises from a primary instinct called thanatos, which aims for destruction and death. Sociobiological/drive theory, proposed by Lorenz, suggests that aggression is instinctual and necessary for survival, and that stronger genes are selected through aggression. Cognitive and learning theory, proposed by Berkowitz, Rotter, Bandura, and Anderson, suggests that aggression can be learned through observational learning and is influenced by environmental factors. Bandura’s work introduced the concept of reciprocal determinism, which suggests that behavior is influenced by both the environment and the individual’s behavior. Rotter’s social learning theory emphasizes the interaction between the individual and their environment, while Anderson and Bushman’s general aggression model considers the role of social, cognitive, developmental, and biological factors on aggression.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Social Psychology
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Question 9
Incorrect
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How can the effectiveness of executive function be tested, and which test is the least effective?
Your Answer: Verbal fluency
Correct Answer: Digit span
Explanation:While digit span is primarily used to assess working memory, it also involves executive attention, which is a component shared by tests of working memory capacity and executive function. Therefore, digit span cannot be considered solely a test of working memory.
The mental state exam assesses various areas of cognition, including orientation, attention/concentration, short term memory, long term memory, and executive function. Standard tests for each area include asking about time, place, and person for orientation, serial 7’s for attention/concentration, digit span for short term memory, delayed recall of name and address for long term memory, and various tasks such as proverbs, similarities, differences, verbal fluency, and cognitive estimates for executive function.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Classification And Assessment
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Question 10
Incorrect
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What is the estimated number of alcohol units consumed by a 40-year-old man who drinks a 10-glass (70 cl) bottle of 37.5% ABV vodka every day, on a weekly basis?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: 190
Explanation:To calculate the units of alcohol in a drink, multiply the volume in litres by the percentage alcohol by volume (ABV). For example, a 70 cl (0.7 L) bottle of vodka with a 37.5% ABV contains 26 units. Consuming a bottle of this vodka every day for a week would result in approximately 190 units of alcohol (26 units x 7 days).
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Description And Measurement
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