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Question 1
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A dermatological examination on a patient presenting with a lump shows a solid, well circumscribed, lump measuring 0.8 cm in diameter.Which one of these best describes the lump you have found on examination?
Your Answer: Nodule
Explanation:A nodule is a solid, well circumscribed, raised area that lies in or under the skin and measures greater than 0.5 cm in diameter. They are usually painless.A vesicle is a visible collection of fluid measuring less than 0.5 cm in diameter. A macule is a flat, well circumscribed area of discoloured skin less than 1 cm in diameter with no changes in the thickness or texture of the skin.A papule is a solid, well circumscribed, skin elevation measuring less than 0.5 cm in diameter.A plaque is a palpable skin lesion that is elevated and measures >1cm in diameter
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This question is part of the following fields:
- General Pathology
- Pathology
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Question 2
Correct
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A 58-year-old man with a traumatic brain injury is brought into the ER. A medical student asks you about the processes that occur in the brain following a traumatic injury.One of these best describes the central nervous systems response to injury.
Your Answer: Degeneration of the axon occurs proximally before it occurs distally
Explanation:Following neuronal injury, as seen in traumatic brain injury, the axon undergoes anterograde degeneration. Degradation starts from the cell body (proximally) and progresses distally. The axon becomes fragmented and degenerates. The brain shows no reactive changes to injury is incorrect. Following major injury such as stroke, the brain undergoes a process of liquefactive degeneration, which leaves cystic spaces within the brain.Axonal regeneration does not occur to any significant extent within the central nervous system unlike what is seen in the peripheral nervous system. Astrocytes undergo reactive gliosis, leaving behind a firm translucent tissue around sites of damage.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- General Pathology
- Pathology
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Question 3
Correct
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A 66-year-old male was admitted from the Emergency Department due to severe pain in the left forearm and hand, refractory to pain medication along with pallor and hypothermia of the affected limb. Ultrasound doppler showed an arterial embolism. Circulation was restored after vascular surgery, but there was extensive, irreversible muscle damage. How will the muscle heal from an injury of this type?
Your Answer: Diffuse formation of fibrous tissue
Explanation:Once muscle tissue is damaged, there will be healing via diffuse formation of fibrous tissue, especially due to the widespread ischemia. Callus formation takes place in the healing of bone, not muscle. Organised scar formation occurs when a lacerated wound is approximated by sutures so that primary intention wound healing can occur. Liquefaction degeneration occurs following ischemia in the brain. Volkmann’s ischemic contracture may occur, but it is not the primary type of healing that will take place but rather the effect of the fibrous scar formation.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- General Pathology
- Pathology
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Question 4
Correct
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Innate, or non-specific, immunity is the immune system we are born with.Which of the following is NOT an example of innate immunity? Select ONE answer only.
Your Answer: T-lymphocytes
Explanation:Innate, or non-specific, immunity is the immune system we are born with.There are three aspects of innate immunity:1. Anatomical barriers, such as:The cough reflexEnzymes in tears and skin oilsMucus – which traps bacteria and small particlesSkinStomach acid2. Humoral barriers, such as:The complement systemInterleukin-13. Cellular barriers, such as:NeutrophilsMacrophagesDendritic cellsNatural killer cellsAntibody production is part of the specific, or inducible immune response. T-lymphocytesare responsible for the cell mediated immune response which is part of specific, or inducible immunity.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- General Pathology
- Pathology
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
