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  • Question 1 - Whilst assessing a woman with schizophrenia you notice she is vague and cannot...

    Correct

    • Whilst assessing a woman with schizophrenia you notice she is vague and cannot recall basic details such as what she ate for breakfast of how she traveled to the appointment. She is accompanied by a carer who explains that the patient has not been the same since she had a head injury 8 months ago. The woman has a relatively good memory for aspects of her childhood such as where she was born and what school she attended. Which of the following is suggested?

      Your Answer: Anterograde amnesia

      Explanation:

      The head injury resulted in anterograde amnesia, which is characterized by memory loss for events that occurred after the injury.

      Understanding Amnesia: Types and Causes

      Amnesia is a memory deficit that can be categorized into two types: anterograde and retrograde. Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to create new memories, while retrograde amnesia refers to the loss of memory for information acquired before the onset of amnesia. The damage to the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe is often associated with amnesia. Source amnesia is the inability to remember where of how previously learned information was acquired. Psychogenic amnesia is characterized by sudden retrograde episodic memory loss, while semantic amnesia affects semantic memory and language use. Transient global amnesia is a condition that affects those over 50 and spontaneously resolves within 24 hours, with no clear cause identified. Understanding the types and causes of amnesia can help in its diagnosis and treatment.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Social Psychology
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  • Question 2 - During what time frame is social smiling typically observed in child development? ...

    Incorrect

    • During what time frame is social smiling typically observed in child development?

      Your Answer: 12-16 weeks

      Correct Answer: 6-8 weeks

      Explanation:

      The Emergence of Social Smiling in Infants

      Wormann (2014) discusses the emergence of social smiling in infants, which is usually interpreted as the first positive expression directed towards a cause. This occurs when an infant with an initially expressionless face examines the face of another person, and their face and eyes light up while the corners of their mouth pull upward. The age of the first appearance of the social smile varies across cultures, ranging from the fifth to seventh week. Additionally, there are differences in its duration and frequency between the second and seventh month of life. Understanding these milestones is important for a basic understanding of normal child development.

      Child Development Milestones:
      4 weeks Responds to noise (either by crying, of quieting), follows an object moved in front of eyes
      6 weeks Begins social smiling*
      3 months Holds head steady on sitting
      6 months Rolls from stomach to back, starts babbling
      7 months Transfers objects from hand to hand, looks for dropped object
      9 months Sits unsupported, begins to crawl
      12 months Cruising (walking by holding furniture)
      18 months Walks without assistance, speaks about 10-20 words
      2 years Runs, climbs up and down stairs alone, makes 2-3 word sentences
      3 years Dresses self except for buttons and laces, counts to 10, feeds themself well
      4 years Hops on one foot, copies a cross
      5 years Copies a triangle, skips

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychological Development
      22.4
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  • Question 3 - What is one of the five major personality traits? ...

    Correct

    • What is one of the five major personality traits?

      Your Answer: Neuroticism

      Explanation:

      The Big Five Personality Traits, also known as OCEAN, are five broad categories that can be used to describe an individual’s personality. These categories include Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion (also known as Surgency), Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (also known as Emotional Stability). Each of these traits can be further broken down into specific characteristics that help to define an individual’s personality. For example, Openness to Experience includes traits such as imagination, creativity, and a willingness to try new things. Conscientiousness includes traits such as organization, responsibility, and dependability. Extraversion includes traits such as sociability, assertiveness, and energy level. Agreeableness includes traits such as kindness, empathy, and cooperation. Finally, Neuroticism includes traits such as anxiety, moodiness, and emotional instability. Understanding these personality traits can be helpful in a variety of settings, such as in the workplace of in personal relationships.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Classification And Assessment
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  • Question 4 - You encounter a 45-year-old man with a history of mild cognitive impairment and...

    Incorrect

    • You encounter a 45-year-old man with a history of mild cognitive impairment and recurrent episodes of major depressive disorder. He was admitted to the hospital under section 3 of the Mental Health Act two months ago due to aggressive behaviour.
      He reports feeling tired, sad, and lacking motivation to participate in any activities on the ward. He also reports difficulty getting out of bed in the morning. Despite being eligible for section 17 leave, he has refused to take advantage of it for the past two and a half months and spends all his time in his room.
      He is currently taking fluoxetine 20 mg and PRN lorazepam for agitation. He has no known physical health issues. Your consultant has requested that you perform a blood test on him before considering adjusting his medication.
      What is the most relevant blood test to request in this case?

      Your Answer: LFTs

      Correct Answer: Vitamin D levels

      Explanation:

      The most appropriate test to perform for this patient, who is exhibiting symptoms indicative of vitamin D deficiency due to insufficient exposure to sunlight, is a vitamin D level test. It is important to also check corrected calcium and PTH levels, as vitamin D is involved in calcium metabolism. Additionally, given the patient’s use of fluoxetine, U+Es may be checked to monitor for potential hyponatremia, while routine blood tests such as FBC, LFTS, and folic acid should also be considered.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Assessment
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  • Question 5 - At what Tanner stage does menarche typically occur? ...

    Incorrect

    • At what Tanner stage does menarche typically occur?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 4

      Explanation:

      Puberty

      Puberty is a natural process that occurs in both boys and girls. The age range for the onset of puberty is between 8-14 years for females and 9-14 years for males, with the mean age of onset being 11 years for girls and 12 years for boys. The duration of puberty is typically 3-4 years. The onset of puberty is marked by the appearance of secondary sex characteristics, such as breast development in females and testicular enlargement in males. These characteristics evolve over time and are rated into 5 stages according to Tanner’s criteria. The sequence of events differs between boys and girls, with the onset of breast development (thelarche) generally preceding the onset of the first period (menarche) by around 2 years in girls. The pubertal growth spurt occurs during stages 3 to 4 in most boys and during stages 2 and 3 in girls. Precocious puberty, which occurs earlier than usual, is more common in girls than in boys. The age of onset of puberty in girls has been decreasing over time, with environmental factors such as nutrition potentially playing a role in this trend.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychological Development
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  • Question 6 - What product is licensed to assist individuals in quitting smoking? ...

    Incorrect

    • What product is licensed to assist individuals in quitting smoking?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Varenicline

      Explanation:

      Varenicline is a medication that helps people quit smoking by partially activating specific nicotine receptors in the body.

      Mechanisms of Action of Different Drugs

      Understanding the mechanisms of action of different drugs is crucial for medical professionals. It is a common topic in exams and can earn easy marks if studied well. This article provides a list of drugs and their mechanisms of action in different categories such as antidepressants, anti dementia drugs, mood stabilizers, anxiolytic/hypnotic drugs, antipsychotics, drugs of abuse, and other drugs. For example, mirtazapine is a noradrenaline and serotonin specific antidepressant that works as a 5HT2 antagonist, 5HT3 antagonist, H1 antagonist, alpha 1 and alpha 2 antagonist, and moderate muscarinic antagonist. Similarly, donepezil is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used as an anti dementia drug, while valproate is a GABA agonist and NMDA antagonist used as a mood stabilizer. The article also explains the mechanisms of action of drugs such as ketamine, phencyclidine, buprenorphine, naloxone, atomoxetine, varenicline, disulfiram, acamprosate, and sildenafil.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychopharmacology
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  • Question 7 - What is the definition of priapism? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the definition of priapism?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: A persistent and painful erection

      Explanation:

      Priapism: A Painful and Persistent Erection

      Priapism is a condition characterized by a prolonged and painful erection, which can occur in males and even in the clitoris. Although rare, certain medications such as antipsychotics and antidepressants have been known to cause priapism. The primary mechanism behind this condition is alpha blockade, although other mechanisms such as serotonin-mediated pathways have also been suggested. Some of the drugs most commonly associated with priapism include Trazodone, Chlorpromazine, and Thioridazine. Treatment involves the use of alpha-adrenergic agonists, which can be administered orally of injected directly into the penis. Priapism is a serious condition that can lead to complications such as penile amputation, although such cases are extremely rare.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychopharmacology
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  • Question 8 - A 25-year-old male patient when asked by the psychiatrist to sit down in...

    Incorrect

    • A 25-year-old male patient when asked by the psychiatrist to sit down in the consultation room takes three steps back from the chair. He eventually sits down when the psychiatrist insists.
      Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia is he displaying?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Negativism

      Explanation:

      Motor and Behavioural Disturbances in Schizophrenia

      Schizophrenia is often characterized by a range of motor and behavioural disturbances, which can be difficult to distinguish from one another. These disturbances can manifest in various ways, and may be arbitrary in nature.

      One common behavioural motor disorder seen in schizophrenia is negativism, which involves actively resisting attempts to make contact with the patient. This can make it challenging to communicate with and treat individuals with this condition.

      Another disturbance is in advertence, where the patient may turn towards the examiner in a bizarre, exaggerated, and inflexible manner when addressed. This can make it difficult to establish a rapport with the patient and understand their needs.

      Ambitendency is another common disturbance, where the patient alternates between cooperation and opposition, leading to unpredictable and diffident behaviour. This can make it challenging to establish a consistent treatment plan and maintain progress.

      Finally, satyriasis is a specific type of motor and behavioural disturbance seen in males with schizophrenia, characterized by excessive sexual activity. This can be a challenging symptom to manage and may require specialized treatment approaches.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
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  • Question 9 - At what age and in what form does the earliest developmental fear typically...

    Incorrect

    • At what age and in what form does the earliest developmental fear typically manifest?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Strangers

      Explanation:

      The fear of new things, such as unfamiliar people, can be observed in infants as young as 6 months old. Children between the ages of 3-5 years may develop fears of animals, monsters, and the dark. Around 6-11 years old, children may start to fear social embarrassment. Adolescents may begin to experience fear of death.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 10 - Which condition is most commonly associated with KlĂ¼ver-Bucy syndrome? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which condition is most commonly associated with KlĂ¼ver-Bucy syndrome?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Alzheimer's disease

      Explanation:

      Kluver-Bucy Syndrome: Causes and Symptoms

      Kluver-Bucy syndrome is a neurological disorder that results from bilateral medial temporal lobe dysfunction, particularly in the amygdala. This condition is characterized by a range of symptoms, including hyperorality (a tendency to explore objects with the mouth), hypersexuality, docility, visual agnosia, and dietary changes.

      The most common causes of Kluver-Bucy syndrome include herpes, late-stage Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, trauma, and bilateral temporal lobe infarction. In some cases, the condition may be reversible with treatment, but in others, it may be permanent and require ongoing management. If you of someone you know is experiencing symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neurosciences
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  • Question 11 - What is the primary neurotransmitter responsible for excitatory signals in the brain? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the primary neurotransmitter responsible for excitatory signals in the brain?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Glutamate

      Explanation:

      Glutamate is the primary neurotransmitter responsible for excitatory signaling in the brain.

      Glutamate: The Most Abundant Neurotransmitter in the Brain

      Glutamate is a neurotransmitter that is found in abundance in the brain. It is always excitatory and can act through both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. This neurotransmitter is believed to play a crucial role in learning and memory processes. Its ability to stimulate neurons and enhance synaptic plasticity is thought to be responsible for its role in memory formation. Glutamate is also involved in various other brain functions, including motor control, sensory perception, and emotional regulation. Its importance in the brain makes it a target for various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and epilepsy.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neurosciences
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  • Question 12 - The histopathological findings from a post-mortem of an older man with long standing...

    Incorrect

    • The histopathological findings from a post-mortem of an older man with long standing memory difficulties reveals neuronal and glial tau aggregation in addition to pronounced atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes.

      What is the most probable diagnosis for an elderly man with these histopathological findings?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Pick's disease

      Explanation:

      Alzheimer’s disease is not characterized by significant frontal lobe atrophy, but rather by early medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) on MRI, particularly in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, amygdala, and parahippocampus. In contrast, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) typically affects the frontal and anterior temporal lobes in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD of Pick’s disease), the left anterior temporal lobe in semantic dementia (SD), and the left perisylvian fissure in progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA).

      Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) is a pathological term that refers to a group of neurodegenerative disorders that affect the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. FTLD is classified into several subtypes based on the main protein component of neuronal and glial abnormal inclusions and their distribution. The three main proteins associated with FTLD are Tau, TDP-43, and FUS. Each FTD clinical phenotype has been associated with different proportions of these proteins. Macroscopic changes in FTLD include atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes, with focal gyral atrophy that resembles knives. Microscopic changes in FTLD-Tau include neuronal and glial tau aggregation, with further sub-classification based on the existence of different isoforms of tau protein. FTLD-TDP is characterized by cytoplasmic inclusions of TDP-43 in neurons, while FTLD-FUS is characterized by cytoplasmic inclusions of FUS.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neurosciences
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  • Question 13 - What is the theory that is linked to the idea of the 'internal...

    Incorrect

    • What is the theory that is linked to the idea of the 'internal working model'?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Bowlby's attachment theory

      Explanation:

      Attachment Theory and Harlow’s Monkeys

      Attachment theory, developed by John Bowlby, suggests that children have an innate tendency to form relationships with people around them to increase their chance of survival. This attachment is different from bonding, which concerns the mother’s feelings for her infant. Children typically single out a primary caregiver, referred to as the principle attachment figure, from about 1-3 months. The quality of a person’s early attachments is associated with their adult behavior, with poor attachments leading to withdrawn individuals who struggle to form relationships and good attachments leading to socially competent adults who can form healthy relationships.

      Bowlby’s attachment model has four stages: preattachment, attachment in the making, clear-cut attachment, and formation of reciprocal attachment. The time from 6 months to 36 months is known as the critical period, during which a child is most vulnerable to interruptions in its attachment. Attachments are divided into secure and insecure types, with insecure types further divided into avoidant and ambivalent types.

      Harlow’s experiment with young rhesus monkeys demonstrated the importance of the need for closeness over food. The experiment involved giving the monkeys a choice between two different mothers, one made of soft terry cloth but provided no food and the other made of wire but provided food from an attached baby bottle. The baby monkeys spent significantly more time with their cloth mother than with their wire mother, showing the importance of attachment and closeness in early development.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychological Development
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  • Question 14 - Which of the following is not commonly linked to restless legs syndrome? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is not commonly linked to restless legs syndrome?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

      Explanation:

      RLS is not a risk factor for COPD, but COPD is a risk factor for sleep apnoea.

      Sleep Disorders

      The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ISCD) categorizes sleep disorders into several main categories and subclasses. Dyssomnias are intrinsic sleep disorders that include narcolepsy, psychopsychologic insomnia, idiopathic hypersomnia, restless leg syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, and obstructive sleep apnea. Extrinsic sleep disorders include inadequate sleep hygiene and alcohol-dependent sleep disorder. Circadian rhythm disorders consist of jet lag syndrome, shift work sleep disorder, irregular sleep-wake pattern, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and advanced sleep phase disorder. Parasomnias include arousal disorders such as sleepwalking and sleep terrors, sleep-wake transition disorders such as rhythmic movement disorder, sleep talking, and nocturnal leg cramps, and parasomnias associated with REM sleep such as nightmares and sleep paralysis. Sleep disorders associated with medical/psychiatric disorders and proposed sleep disorders are also included in the classification.

      Narcolepsy is a disorder of unknown cause that is characterized by excessive sleepiness, cataplexy, and other REM sleep phenomena such as sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations. Periodic limb movement disorder is characterized by periodic episodes of repetitive and highly stereotyped limb movements that occur during sleep. Restless legs syndrome is a disorder characterized by disagreeable leg sensations that usually occur prior to sleep onset and that cause an almost irresistible urge to move the legs. Jet lag syndrome consists of varying degrees of difficulties in initiating or maintaining sleep, excessive sleepiness, decrements in subjective daytime alertness and performance, and somatic symptoms following rapid travel across multiple time zones. Shift work sleep disorder consists of symptoms of insomnia of excessive sleepiness that occur as transient phenomena in relation to work schedules. Non 24 hour sleep wake syndrome consists of a chronic steady pattern comprising one to two hour daily delays in sleep onset and wake times in an individual living in society. Sleepwalking consists of a series of complex behaviors that are initiated during slow-wave sleep and result in walking during sleep. Sleep terrors are characterized by a sudden arousal from slow wave sleep with a piercing scream of cry, accompanied by autonomic and behavioral manifestations of intense fear. Rhythmic movement disorder comprises a group of stereotyped, repetitive movements involving large muscles, usually of the head and neck. Sleep starts are sudden, brief contractions of the legs, sometimes also involving the arms and head, that occur at sleep onset. Nocturnal leg cramps are painful sensations of muscular tightness of tension, usually in the calf but occasionally in the foot, that occur during the sleep episode. Nightmares are frightening dreams that usually awaken the sleeper from REM sleep. Sleep paralysis is a common condition characterized by transient paralysis of skeletal muscles which occurs when awakening from sleep of less often while falling asleep.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Social Psychology
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  • Question 15 - Which of the following is an example of a compound question? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is an example of a compound question?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Do you limit what you eat and exercise to keep thin?

      Explanation:

      Understanding Compound Questions in Interview Techniques

      When conducting interviews, it is important to be aware of compound questions. These are questions that combine multiple inquiries into what appears to be a single question. Compound questions can be confusing for the interviewee and may lead to inaccurate of incomplete responses.

      To avoid compound questions, it is important to break down inquiries into separate, clear questions. This allows the interviewee to fully understand what is being asked and provide a thoughtful response. Additionally, it is important to avoid using conjunctions such as and of of when asking questions, as this can create compound questions.

      By using clear and concise language and avoiding compound questions, interviewers can ensure that they are receiving accurate and complete responses from their interviewees. This can lead to a more successful and informative interview process.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Classification And Assessment
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  • Question 16 - Which of the following lists 11 therapeutic of 'healing' factors that are unique...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following lists 11 therapeutic of 'healing' factors that are unique to group therapy?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Yalom

      Explanation:

      Irvin Yalom identified 11 therapeutic factors that are unique to group therapy, including universality, altruism, instillation of hope, imparting of information, corrective recapitulation of the primary family group, development of socializing techniques, imitative behavior, group cohesiveness, existential factors, catharsis, and interpersonal learning. Group therapy has been practiced by various pioneers in the field, such as Bion at the Tavistock Clinic, Foulkes who developed group analysis, Moreno who is associated with psychodrama, and Pratt who was an early advocate of group therapy in the United States.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 17 - What is another term for a set of alleles on a chromosome that...

    Incorrect

    • What is another term for a set of alleles on a chromosome that typically passes down together as a unit in a family tree?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Haplotype

      Explanation:

      Recombination Fraction: A Measure of Distance Between Loci

      When two loci are located on different chromosomes, they segregate independently during meiosis. However, if they are on the same chromosome, they tend to segregate together, unless crossing over occurs. Crossing over is a process in meiosis where two homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, resulting in the shuffling of alleles. The likelihood of crossing over between two loci on a chromosome decreases as their distance from each other increases.

      Hence, blocks of alleles on a chromosome tend to be transmitted together through generations, forming a haplotype. The recombination fraction is a measure of the distance between two loci on a chromosome. The closer the loci are, the lower the recombination fraction, and the more likely they are to be transmitted together. Conversely, the further apart the loci are, the higher the recombination fraction, and the more likely they are to be separated by crossing over. The recombination fraction can range from 0% if the loci are very close to 50% if they are on different chromosomes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
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  • Question 18 - What is the accuracy of the statement that transference is a common occurrence...

    Incorrect

    • What is the accuracy of the statement that transference is a common occurrence in therapeutic relationships?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Transference is the patient’s emotional response to the therapist

      Explanation:

      Transference is the unconscious process of shifting emotions and desires from one person to another, often from a parent of sibling to the therapist. While positive transference can strengthen a patient’s weak ego during psychoanalysis, it is not enough on its own. Resistance, a defense mechanism that thwarts the therapist’s attempts to access unconscious processes, can hinder progress. Freud initially believed transference only occurred in therapy, but later expanded his view to include its presence in all relationships. He also believed that interpreting transference was crucial to the success of psychoanalysis, as the transferential relationship between therapist and patient was the curative factor.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Psychological Processes
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  • Question 19 - Which statement is false regarding autosomal dominant conditions? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which statement is false regarding autosomal dominant conditions?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Show horizontal transmission

      Explanation:

      X-linked transmission is characterized by a Knight’s move pattern.

      Modes of Inheritance

      Genetic disorders can be passed down from one generation to the next in various ways. There are four main modes of inheritance: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked (sex-linked), and multifactorial.

      Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

      Autosomal dominant inheritance occurs when one faulty gene causes a problem despite the presence of a normal one. This type of inheritance shows vertical transmission, meaning it is based on the appearance of the family pedigree. If only one parent is affected, there is a 50% chance of each child expressing the condition. Autosomal dominant conditions often show pleiotropy, where a single gene influences several characteristics.

      Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

      In autosomal recessive conditions, a person requires two faulty copies of a gene to manifest a disease. A person with one healthy and one faulty gene will generally not manifest a disease and is labelled a carrier. Autosomal recessive conditions demonstrate horizontal transmission.

      X-linked (Sex-linked) Inheritance

      In X-linked conditions, the problem gene lies on the X chromosome. This means that all males are affected. Like autosomal conditions, they can be dominant of recessive. Affected males are unable to pass the condition on to their sons. In X-linked recessive conditions, the inheritance pattern is characterised by transmission from affected males to male grandchildren via affected carrier daughters.

      Multifactorial Inheritance

      Multifactorial conditions result from the interaction between genes from both parents and the environment.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
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  • Question 20 - What factor increases the risk of developing neuroleptic malignant syndrome? ...

    Incorrect

    • What factor increases the risk of developing neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Having Parkinson's disease

      Explanation:

      The use of dopaminergic drugs in individuals with Parkinson’s disease increases their susceptibility to NMS. NMS is more likely to develop when there is a modification in the dosage of dopaminergic and antipsychotic medications. While it is possible, NMS does not typically arise without the administration of dopamine-affecting drugs.

      Serotonin Syndrome and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome are two conditions that can be difficult to differentiate. Serotonin Syndrome is caused by excess serotonergic activity in the CNS and is characterized by neuromuscular abnormalities, altered mental state, and autonomic dysfunction. On the other hand, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is a rare acute disorder of thermoregulation and neuromotor control that is almost exclusively caused by antipsychotics. The symptoms of both syndromes can overlap, but there are some distinguishing clinical features. Hyper-reflexia, ocular clonus, and tremors are more prominent in Serotonin Syndrome, while Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is characterized by uniform ‘lead-pipe’ rigidity and hyporeflexia. Symptoms of Serotonin Syndrome usually resolve within a few days of stopping the medication, while Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome can take up to 14 days to remit with appropriate treatment. The following table provides a useful guide to the main differentials of Serotonin Syndrome and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychopharmacology
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Social Psychology (1/1) 100%
Psychological Development (0/1) 0%
Classification And Assessment (1/1) 100%
Assessment (0/1) 0%
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