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  • Question 1 - Who was the first theorist to describe imprinting? ...

    Incorrect

    • Who was the first theorist to describe imprinting?

      Your Answer: Lorenz

      Correct Answer: Spalding

      Explanation:

      The idea of filial imprinting was initially observed in domestic chickens by Douglas Spalding in the 1800s, and later discussed by Heinroth before being made well-known by Lorenz. Additionally, Immelmann discussed sexual imprinting, while Westermarck introduced the concept of reverse sexual imprinting, which suggests that individuals who spend their early years in close proximity are less likely to be sexually attracted to each other later in life.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 2 - What is the origin of the 'strange situation' method used to evaluate the...

    Correct

    • What is the origin of the 'strange situation' method used to evaluate the security and quality of attachment in infants and their caregivers during early development?

      Your Answer: Mary Ainsworth

      Explanation:

      Developmental Psychologists and Their Contributions

      Mary Ainsworth, a developmental psychologist, discovered that the interaction between a mother and her baby during the attachment years is crucial in the development of the baby’s behaviour. She identified four types of attachments: secure, anxious-resistant, anxious-avoidant, and disorganised.

      John Bowlby, a British psychoanalyst, studied infant attachment and separation and emphasised the importance of mother-child attachment in human interaction and later development.

      Harry Harlow, an American psychologist, demonstrated the emotional and behavioural effects of isolating monkeys and preventing them from forming attachments from birth.

      Donald Winnicott, an English paediatrician and psychoanalyst, developed the object relations theory, which focuses on the relationship between an infant and their primary caregiver.

      BF Skinner developed the theory of learning and behaviour known as operant conditioning, which emphasises the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behaviour.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 3 - The theorist who proposed the existence of the language acquisition device (LAD) in...

    Incorrect

    • The theorist who proposed the existence of the language acquisition device (LAD) in humans is:

      Your Answer: Locke

      Correct Answer: Chomsky

      Explanation:

      Chomsky is known for his nativist theory and introduction of the language acquisition device (LAD) in the 1960s. Empiricism theory is often attributed to Locke, while parsing was described by Saffran. Skinner is associated with behaviourism, and Werker studied how infants distinguish between phonemes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 4 - What is the lifetime prevalence of suicide completion among individuals diagnosed with borderline...

    Incorrect

    • What is the lifetime prevalence of suicide completion among individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 9-12%

      Explanation:

      It is estimated that around 10% of individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder will ultimately take their own lives. While there may be some variation in the findings of different studies, this figure is widely accepted as the general rate of completed suicide among this population over an extended period of time.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 5 - A clinician wishes to assess the perceived impact of antipsychotic medications on their...

    Incorrect

    • A clinician wishes to assess the perceived impact of antipsychotic medications on their adolescent patient with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Which rating scale is most commonly utilized for this purpose?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Drug attitude inventory

      Explanation:

      The Drug Attitude Inventory assesses the subjective effects of antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia. The ASK-20 Adherence Barrier Survey measures barriers to treatment adherence with 20 clinical items. The Brief Evaluation of Medication Influences and Beliefs (BEMIB) Scale is an eight-item Likert-type scale that evaluates the costs and benefits of medication use based on the health belief model. The Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) is a 10-item self-report scale that combines elements of the Drug Attitude Inventory and Medication Adherence Questionnaire for use in patients with schizophrenia and psychosis. The Rating of Medication Influences (ROMI) Scale is a 20-item interviewer-rated scale that assesses adherence attitudes in psychiatric patients, particularly those with schizophrenia, with good inter-rater reliability.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 6 - A 35-year-old habitual smoker was admitted to the hospital due to a decline...

    Incorrect

    • A 35-year-old habitual smoker was admitted to the hospital due to a decline in his mental health. The nurse on duty suggested a smoking cessation program to him. He informed the nurse that he was seriously contemplating quitting smoking in the next six months and was planning to quit within the next 30 days. According to Prochaska and DiClemente's transtheoretical model of change, what stage of quitting is he in?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Preparation

      Explanation:

      This individual is currently in the preparation phase of quitting smoking. According to Prochaska et al.’s stages of change model, this means they are currently smoking but have a strong intention to quit within the next 30 days and have been seriously considering quitting for the past six months. The stages of change are a spiral, meaning individuals may move back and forth between stages and even experience relapses. The other stages include precontemplation (not considering quitting within the next six months), contemplation (seriously considering quitting within the next six months but not within the next 30 days), action (currently not smoking and quit within the last six months), and maintenance (currently not smoking and quit more than six months ago).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 7 - What is the most appropriate term to describe a mother's bond with her...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most appropriate term to describe a mother's bond with her infant?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Engrossment

      Explanation:

      Engrossment refers to the emotional connection that a father develops with his child. This term was coined by Greenberg and Morris in their 1974 study, which explored the impact of newborns on fathers. In contrast, Bowlby used the term ‘attachment’ to describe the bond that develops between a child and their mother. Bonding, on the other hand, refers to the process by which a mother develops a strong emotional connection with her child. Imprinting is a phenomenon observed in some animal species, where newborns acquire certain behavioral characteristics from their parents shortly after birth. Finally, sociability is a crucial aspect of attachment, as it involves the pursuit of social contact and connection with others.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 8 - What is accurate about the WISC-V (Wechsler intelligence scale for children)? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is accurate about the WISC-V (Wechsler intelligence scale for children)?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: It yields separate performance and verbal IQs

      Explanation:

      The WAIS-III provides results for verbal IQ, performance IQ, and full scale IQ, which are compared to the average scores of the population. The average IQ for adults is 100, with a standard deviation of 15 points. However, the Wisconsin card sorting test, which is used to evaluate frontal lobe impairment, is not included in the WAIS-III.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 9 - Which attachment theorist differentiated between deprivation and privation? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which attachment theorist differentiated between deprivation and privation?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Spitz

      Explanation:

      René Spitz’s Study on Anaclitic Depression in Children

      René Spitz conducted a study on children who were deprived of their primary caregiver and found that they experienced a type of depression known as anaclitic depression. This type of depression is characterized by a lack of interest in the environment, a decrease in physical activity, and a failure to thrive. Spitz’s study highlights the importance of a primary caregiver in a child’s development and the negative effects of deprivation on their emotional and physical well-being. The study emphasizes the need for children to form secure attachments with their caregivers to promote healthy development.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 10 - A 30-year-old smoker successfully quit smoking by acknowledging the harm it was causing...

    Incorrect

    • A 30-year-old smoker successfully quit smoking by acknowledging the harm it was causing to their health, considering the benefits of quitting, setting a quit date, and gradually reducing their nicotine intake until they were able to quit completely. This behaviour change is an example of which of the following theories?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Stage model

      Explanation:

      Behaviour change theories can be categorized into two main groups: social cognition models and stage models. Stage models involve progression through specific stages, while social cognition models focus on beliefs and attitudes as drivers of behaviour change. Examples of social cognition models include the health belief model, protection motivation theory, and self-efficacy theory.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 11 - Who first introduced the idea of the 'schizophrenogenic parent'? ...

    Incorrect

    • Who first introduced the idea of the 'schizophrenogenic parent'?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Fromm-Reichmann

      Explanation:

      The term ‘schizophrenogenic mother’ was proposed by Fromm-Reichmann, a contemporary of Freud, who believed that defective parenting caused the disorder. However, this concept has since been proven to be unfounded. Lidz later examined the impact of parents’ socialization on a child’s psychological health, further exploring this concept. Bleuler is credited with coining the term ‘schizophrenia’, while Kraepelin had previously described ‘dementia praecox’.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 12 - A middle-aged individual who has been struggling with addiction for several years successfully...

    Incorrect

    • A middle-aged individual who has been struggling with addiction for several years successfully completes a rehabilitation program and begins to pursue career opportunities. Which of Rapoport's principles would this situation align with?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Democracy

      Explanation:

      The culture of empowerment in a therapeutic community involves democratisation, which is demonstrated through voting, decision-making, and achieving seniority. This is essential in developing an individual’s sense of agency and ability to carry out meaningful actions. Rapoport’s four principles, which define the work of a therapeutic community, include permissiveness, democracy, reality confrontation, and communalism. These principles are updated by Haigh, with containment corresponding to permissiveness, communication to communalism, involvement to reality confrontation, and agency to democracy. Overall, the therapeutic community aims to provide support, establish rules and boundaries, confront reality, and foster a sense of shared responsibility among its members.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 13 - Which of the following describes separation anxiety among toddlers when temporarily separated from...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following describes separation anxiety among toddlers when temporarily separated from their primary caregiver?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Spitz

      Explanation:

      René Spitz coined the term anaclitic depression to describe the negative impact on children who are separated from their primary caregiver, such as during a hospital stay. In extreme cases, this can lead to hospitalism. Although this type of depression can hinder a child’s development, recovery is likely if the separation from the mother does not exceed three months. Ainsworth is known for her work on the strange situation procedure, while Bowlby focused on attachment and maternal deprivation. Main is associated with the adult attachment interview, and Rutter distinguished between privation and deprivation, with the former referring to a failure to form attachments.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 14 - A 45-year-old man seeks psychological evaluation for potential obsessive compulsive disorder. His therapist...

    Incorrect

    • A 45-year-old man seeks psychological evaluation for potential obsessive compulsive disorder. His therapist collaborates with him to establish a therapy goal to be achieved over the course of sixteen weeks.
      Throughout their sessions, the therapist proposes a formulation of the client's challenges that addresses his conscious thoughts and emotions. They also engage in exercises where the client is urged to refrain from performing the checking rituals that have been consuming his time.
      What type of psychotherapy aligns with this method?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Cognitive behavioural therapy

      Explanation:

      Cognitive behavioural therapy aims to address specific disorders by challenging negative thought patterns through conscious cognitive processes. Behavioural experiments are conducted with therapist guidance to gather evidence for and against interpretations of experiences. Analytic psychotherapy involves the therapist interpreting the client’s experiences based on joint experiences. Cognitive analytic therapy involves exploring past relationships and identifying repetitive behavioural patterns. Interpersonal theory focuses on problem areas in the client’s life, such as grief of role disputes. Motivational interviewing helps clients identify motivation for change and move through the stages of change.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 15 - Which developmental theory proposes a sequence of challenges of conflicts, with the advancement...

    Incorrect

    • Which developmental theory proposes a sequence of challenges of conflicts, with the advancement through each stage referred to as epigenesis?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Erikson

      Explanation:

      The psychosocial theory of development, as described by Erikson, involves eight stages that continue into adulthood and require the resolution of a crisis at each stage. Bowlby is known for attachment theory and maternal deprivation, while Freud focused on psychosexual development. Kohlberg studied moral development, and Piaget developed the cognitive model of development.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 16 - What is the main reason for the absence of staff uniforms in therapeutic...

    Incorrect

    • What is the main reason for the absence of staff uniforms in therapeutic communities?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Communalism

      Explanation:

      Principles of Therapeutic Communities

      Therapeutic communities are based on four main principles that guide their operations. The first principle is communalism, which emphasizes that staff and service users should not be separated by uniforms of behaviours. This means that everyone in the community is treated equally and with respect. The second principle is democratisation, which involves shared decision-making and unit management. This means that everyone in the community has a say in how things are run and decisions are made collectively. The third principle is permissiveness, which involves accepting and tolerating occasional unpredictable behaviour. This means that members of the community are encouraged to be themselves and express their emotions freely. The fourth principle is reality confrontation, which involves group members challenging self-deception among others. This means that members of the community are encouraged to be honest with themselves and others.

      Group cohesion is another important aspect of therapeutic communities. It refers to the sense of belonging and acceptance that members of the community feel. This sense of belonging is fostered by the shared goal that the community is working towards. Members of the community understand that they are all in this together and that they need to support each other to achieve their goals. The sense of belonging and acceptance that comes with group cohesion is essential for the success of therapeutic communities.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 17 - A 25-year-old female with bipolar affective disorder fails to follow her doctor's advice...

    Incorrect

    • A 25-year-old female with bipolar affective disorder fails to follow her doctor's advice and purchases ampicillin online to treat a viral fever. What is the term used to describe this type of medication non-compliance?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Errors of taking additional medication not prescribed

      Explanation:

      Schwartz et al. identified five types of errors in drug adherence. These include errors of omission, errors of purpose, errors of dosage, errors of timing and sequence, and taking additional medication not prescribed by the doctor. An example of errors of purpose is when a patient takes medication for the wrong reason. Other types of errors include not taking the medication, taking the wrong dosage, and taking medications at the wrong time and sequence.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 18 - You are evaluating a child whom you suspect may have a diagnosis of...

    Incorrect

    • You are evaluating a child whom you suspect may have a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). You determine that using an assessment tool would be helpful in confirming your diagnosis.
      Which of the following assessment tools would be most advantageous for your evaluation?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Millon clinical multiaxial inventory

      Explanation:

      The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) is a self-report questionnaire that can be utilized to evaluate personality disorders. It is designed to provide information on a patient’s personality traits, clinical syndromes, and overall psychological functioning.

      The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) is a computer-based cognitive assessment system that measures various cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and executive function. It is commonly used in research and clinical settings to assess cognitive impairment in patients with neurological disorders.

      The Hayling-Brixton tests are neuropsychological tests that evaluate executive function, specifically response inhibition and initiation. These tests are often used to assess patients with brain injuries of neurological disorders.

      The Luria-Nebraska Battery is a comprehensive neuropsychological battery that assesses various functions such as motor skills, memory, rhythm, reading, and writing. It is commonly used to evaluate patients with brain injuries of neurological disorders.

      The Stanford-Binet test is an intelligence test that measures cognitive abilities such as verbal and nonverbal reasoning, spatial perception, and quantitative reasoning. It is commonly used in educational and clinical settings to assess intellectual functioning.

      For further reading on these assessments, additional information can be found through Pearson, the publisher of the MCMI-III.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 19 - You encounter a 32-year-old female patient during an outpatient visit to the community...

    Incorrect

    • You encounter a 32-year-old female patient during an outpatient visit to the community mental health team. Based on her history and mental state examination, she appears to have emotionally unstable personality disorder (borderline type) as her primary diagnosis. She engages in daily self-harm through scratching and believes that reducing this behavior is crucial. What is the most effective therapeutic approach for this patient?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: A one year programme of dialectical behavioural therapy

      Explanation:

      The recommended treatment for emotionally unstable personality disorder (borderline type) does not involve a single psychological therapy of drug treatment as a first line of defense. However, for women who prioritize reducing self-harm, DBT is recommended. Drug treatments may be considered for comorbid conditions. According to NICE guidelines on Borderline personality disorder (BPD) (CG78), a comprehensive dialectical behaviour therapy programme should be considered for women with borderline personality disorder who prioritize reducing recurrent self-harm. Brief psychological interventions of less than 3 months’ duration should not be used specifically for borderline personality disorder of for the individual symptoms of the disorder. Drug treatment should not be used specifically for borderline personality disorder of for the individual symptoms of behavior associated with the disorder, such as repeated self-harm, marked emotional instability, risk-taking behavior, and transient psychotic symptoms. If sedatives are used for crisis intervention in a patient with EUPD, they should be prescribed for a maximum period of one week.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 20 - How does the brain eliminate unnecessary information during sleep through the process of...

    Incorrect

    • How does the brain eliminate unnecessary information during sleep through the process of dreaming?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Crick and Mitchison

      Explanation:

      The reverse-learning theory, which explains how the brain eliminates unnecessary information, was introduced by Crick and Mitchison. Foulkes believed that dreams reflect a person’s current preoccupations, while Freud viewed them as a means of expressing repressed thoughts and desires, famously calling them the royal road to the unconscious. Hobson and McCarley proposed the activation-synthesis theory. Jung was known for his work on dreams and symbolism, and his autobiography was titled Memories, Dreams, Reflections.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 21 - A psychology graduate student is interested in studying the psychosocial factors related to...

    Incorrect

    • A psychology graduate student is interested in studying the psychosocial factors related to alcohol misuse. They decide to use the health belief model as a framework for their research. One of the constructs of the health belief model pertains to the severity of the illness and its outcomes. How can this construct be applied to the study of alcohol abuse?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Perceived severity

      Explanation:

      The health belief model is a social cognition model that aims to predict and understand health-related behaviors. It consists of four main constructs: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. Perceived severity refers to an individual’s understanding of the seriousness of a disease. Perceived susceptibility, also known as perceived vulnerability, refers to an individual’s perception of their risk of contracting the disease if they continue with their current behavior. Perceived benefits refer to an individual’s perception of the advantages of adopting a different course of action, including the extent to which it reduces the risk of the disease of its severity. Perceived barriers refer to an individual’s perception of the disadvantages of adopting the recommended action, as well as any obstacles that may hinder its successful implementation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 22 - In the context of psychodrama, what is the term used to describe the...

    Incorrect

    • In the context of psychodrama, what is the term used to describe the process of an individual client examining their emotional struggles?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Protagonist

      Explanation:

      Within the psychodrama setting, the patient takes on the role of the protagonist and actively delves into their emotional conflict. This therapeutic approach was created by Jakob Moreno and involves the dramatisation of emotional struggles in a group setting. The group leader of therapist, known as the director, plays an active role in guiding the process.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 23 - After several sessions over a period of six weeks, a female therapist and...

    Incorrect

    • After several sessions over a period of six weeks, a female therapist and female client meet to discuss the therapist's understanding of the client's issues. The therapist presents the client with two diagrams. The first illustrates the client's relationship with her partner, the therapist, and the client's mother. The second diagram depicts the interplay between the unconscious feeling of abandonment, the defense mechanism of denial, and the feeling of fear.

      Which prominent psychoanalytic theorist's approach to therapy is reflected in this formulation?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: David Malan

      Explanation:

      Malan’s research centered on the development of the client’s challenges using two ‘triangles’ – the triangle of person and the triangle of defence. Bowlby is recognized for his work on attachment theory, while Anna Freud is known for her work on defence mechanisms and object relations. Sigmund Freud is linked to time-limited psychotherapies, and Ryle created cognitive analytic therapy.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 24 - Which of the following long-acting antipsychotic injections (depots) require administration every two weeks?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following long-acting antipsychotic injections (depots) require administration every two weeks?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Risperidone

      Explanation:

      Fortnightly injections are required for Risperidone depot antipsychotic. Flupenthixol decanoate injections can be given every two to four weeks. Fluphenazine decanoate injections can be given every 14-35 days. Olanzapine embonate and paliperidone injections are given every four weeks.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 25 - A pediatrician wants to assess the pain levels in his young patients with...

    Incorrect

    • A pediatrician wants to assess the pain levels in his young patients with sickle cell disease. He is uncertain if the children are able to rate their pain accurately and prefers a scale that can be rated by either him of the caregiver. What rating scale would be most suitable for his purposes?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Rating of medication influences (ROMI)

      Explanation:

      Several scales are available to measure medication adherence attitudes and behaviors in psychiatric patients, particularly those with schizophrenia. The Rating of Medication Influences (ROMI) scale has 20 interviewer-rated items with good inter-rater reliability. The ASK-20 Adherence Barrier Survey measures barriers to adherence with 20 clinical items. The Brief Evaluation of Medication Influences and Beliefs (BEMIB) scale is an eight-item Likert-type scale that measures costs and benefits of medication use based on the health belief model. The Drug Attitude Inventory is a 30-item self-report scale that evaluates subjective effects of antipsychotic drugs among patients with schizophrenia. The Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) is a 10-item self-report scale derived from the Drug Attitude Inventory and Medication Adherence Questionnaire, and is used in patients with schizophrenia and psychosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 26 - An 80-year-old male reports experiencing memory impairment and increased impulsivity. Which neuropsychological assessment...

    Incorrect

    • An 80-year-old male reports experiencing memory impairment and increased impulsivity. Which neuropsychological assessment would be useful in evaluating potential frontal lobe dysfunction?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Luria's three step test

      Explanation:

      Assessment Tools:

      Luria’s Test:
      Luria’s test is a motor task designed by Alexander Luria, a Russian neuropsychologist. The test was developed based on his observation that individuals with significant frontal lobe damage were unable to modify their responses to a programmed motor task when the order of actions in the task was changed.

      Geriatric Depression Scale:
      The Geriatric Depression Scale is a screening tool used to identify depression in older adults. It is not designed to assess cognitive impairment.

      Mini-Mental State Examination:
      The Mini-Mental State Examination is a brief, 30-question screening tool used to assess cognitive impairment. It does not evaluate frontal lobe functions.

      National Adult Reading Test:
      The National Adult Reading Test is used to assess the premorbid level of intelligence in English-speaking patients.

      Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale:
      The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale is a comprehensive assessment tool used to measure intelligence in adults and older adolescents.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 27 - In which of the following therapeutic approaches are the three flawed processes 'traps,...

    Incorrect

    • In which of the following therapeutic approaches are the three flawed processes 'traps, snags, and dilemmas' identified?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Cognitive analytical therapy

      Explanation:

      Mentalisation therapy is a psychotherapy approach that is particularly helpful for individuals with borderline personality disorder. It is psychodynamically-oriented and focuses on helping individuals develop the ability to mentalise, of understand their own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and intentions. This therapy approach aims to improve interpersonal relationships and reduce impulsive and self-destructive behaviors.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 28 - What is a crucial component of the brain's 'reward pathway'? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is a crucial component of the brain's 'reward pathway'?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Nucleus accumbens

      Explanation:

      Brain Regions and Functions

      The brain is a complex organ with various regions that perform different functions. One of the key regions involved in the reward system is the nucleus accumbens (NA). This region receives input from the ventral tegmental area, which uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter. The NA is responsible for processing reward-related information and is often referred to as the pleasure center of the brain.

      The limbic cortex, on the other hand, is not part of the reward circuit. It is involved in emotion, memory, and motivation.

      Another important gland in the brain is the pituitary gland. This endocrine gland secretes nine hormones that are involved in maintaining homeostasis in the body.

      The substantia nigra is part of the basal ganglia and is involved in movement, learning, and addiction. Although it has a role in reward-seeking, it is not considered to be part of the classic reward pathway.

      Finally, the tegmentum is a region of the brainstem that contains several cranial nerve nuclei. It is involved in various functions such as movement, sensation, and autonomic control.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 29 - A toddler and caregiver are participating in a research study. They enter a...

    Incorrect

    • A toddler and caregiver are participating in a research study. They enter a room filled with toys and the researchers observe from behind a one-way mirror. At first, the toddler stays close to the caregiver but eventually begins to explore and play with the toys. Then, a stranger enters the room and talks to the caregiver, who then leaves the room. The stranger then interacts with the toddler and the researchers observe the toddler's reaction. This scenario is an example of which theorist's work?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Ainsworth

      Explanation:

      The ‘strange situation’ has been utilized to depict different attachment styles exhibited by infants, with contributions from Bowlby’s observations of primate and human attachment behavior, Bateman’s work on psychotherapeutic models in personality disorder, Freud’s structural theory of the unconscious, and Jung’s exploration of archetypes and the collective unconscious.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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  • Question 30 - At what age and in what form does the earliest developmental fear typically...

    Incorrect

    • At what age and in what form does the earliest developmental fear typically manifest?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Strangers

      Explanation:

      The fear of new things, such as unfamiliar people, can be observed in infants as young as 6 months old. Children between the ages of 3-5 years may develop fears of animals, monsters, and the dark. Around 6-11 years old, children may start to fear social embarrassment. Adolescents may begin to experience fear of death.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments
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Advanced Psychological Processes And Treatments (1/3) 33%
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