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  • Question 1 - Which of the options below is not classified as a type of motor...

    Correct

    • Which of the options below is not classified as a type of motor neuron disease?

      Your Answer: Multisystem atrophy

      Explanation:

      Motor neuron Disease: A Progressive Neurodegenerative Condition

      Motor neuron Disease (MND) is a condition that progressively damages the upper and lower motor neurons. This damage leads to muscle weakness and wasting, resulting in a loss of mobility in the limbs, as well as difficulties with speech, swallowing, and breathing. MND can be classified into four main types, including Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Progressive bulbar palsy, Progressive muscular atrophy, and Primary lateral sclerosis.

      Macroscopic pathological features of MND include atrophy of the precentral gyrus and frontotemporal regions, thinning of the spinal cord, and atrophic anterior nerve roots. Microscopic changes involve the loss of motor neurons from the ventral horn of the spinal cord and lower brainstem. MND is a devastating condition that currently has no cure, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms and improving quality of life for those affected.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neurosciences
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  • Question 2 - A middle-aged father who unconsciously resents the responsibility he has for his aging...

    Incorrect

    • A middle-aged father who unconsciously resents the responsibility he has for his aging parents and the limitations that they place on his personal time goes out each weekend and buys them extravagant gifts and hires expensive caretakers. Assuming the two are connected, which defense mechanism is likely to be underlying this behavior?

      Your Answer: Projection

      Correct Answer: Reaction formation

      Explanation:

      Intermediate Mechanism: Rationalisation

      Rationalisation is a defense mechanism commonly used by individuals to create false but credible justifications for their behavior of actions. It involves the use of logical reasoning to explain away of justify unacceptable behavior of feelings. The individual may not be aware that they are using this mechanism, and it can be difficult to identify in oneself.

      Rationalisation is considered an intermediate mechanism, as it is common in healthy individuals from ages three to ninety, as well as in neurotic disorders and in mastering acute adult stress. It can be dramatically changed by conventional psychotherapeutic interpretation.

      Examples of rationalisation include a student who fails an exam and blames the teacher for not teaching the material well enough, of a person who cheats on their partner and justifies it by saying their partner was neglectful of unaffectionate. It allows the individual to avoid taking responsibility for their actions and to maintain a positive self-image.

      Overall, rationalisation can be a useful defense mechanism in certain situations, but it can also be harmful if it leads to a lack of accountability and an inability to learn from mistakes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Classification And Assessment
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  • Question 3 - What is the concept of Conventional Ethics according to Lawrence Kohlberg? ...

    Correct

    • What is the concept of Conventional Ethics according to Lawrence Kohlberg?

      Your Answer: To gain approval from others

      Explanation:

      Attachment theory is a framework that emphasizes the importance of secure emotional bonds and resources in shaping an individual’s development and behavior. It highlights the significance of early relationships and experiences in shaping one’s sense of security and ability to form healthy relationships later in life.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychological Development
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      Seconds
  • Question 4 - What statement accurately describes the Volume of Distribution (Vd)? ...

    Incorrect

    • What statement accurately describes the Volume of Distribution (Vd)?

      Your Answer: It is measured in kg/L

      Correct Answer: It can be greater than the total body water content of the body

      Explanation:

      Understanding the Volume of Distribution in Pharmacology

      The volume of distribution (Vd) is a crucial concept in pharmacology that helps determine how a drug distributes in the body. It is also known as the apparent volume of distribution, as it is an abstract volume. The Vd indicates whether a drug concentrates in the plasma of spreads out in the body. Drugs that are highly polar tend to stay in central compartments such as the plasma, resulting in a low Vd. Conversely, drugs that are more lipid-soluble are distributed widely, such as in fat, resulting in a high Vd.

      The Vd is calculated by dividing the amount of drug in the body by the concentration in the plasma. Clinically, the Vd is used to determine the loading dose of a drug required for a desired blood concentration and to estimate blood concentration in the treatment of overdose. The units of Vd are in volume.

      The apparent volume of distribution is dependent on the drug’s lipid of water solubility, plasma protein binding, and tissue binding. Plasma protein binding affects the Vd, as drugs that bind to plasma proteins like albumin have a smaller apparent volume of distribution. This is because they are extracted from plasma and included in drug concentration measurements, which can give a misleading impression of their volume of distribution. Understanding the Vd is essential in pharmacology to ensure the safe and effective use of drugs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychopharmacology
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  • Question 5 - What is the term used in Piaget's theory of child development to describe...

    Incorrect

    • What is the term used in Piaget's theory of child development to describe the process of modifying a schema based on new information?

      Your Answer: Assimilation

      Correct Answer: Accommodation

      Explanation:

      Piaget’s Stages of Development and Key Concepts

      Piaget developed four stages of development that describe how children think and acquire knowledge. The first stage is the Sensorimotor stage, which occurs from birth to 18-24 months. In this stage, infants learn through sensory observation and gain control of their motor functions through activity, exploration, and manipulation of the environment.

      The second stage is the Preoperational stage, which occurs from 2 to 7 years. During this stage, children use symbols and language more extensively, but they are unable to think logically of deductively. They also use a type of magical thinking and animistic thinking.

      The third stage is the Concrete Operational stage, which occurs from 7 to 11 years. In this stage, egocentric thought is replaced by operational thought, which involves dealing with a wide array of information outside the child. Children in this stage begin to use limited logical thought and can serialise, order, and group things into classes on the basis of common characteristics.

      The fourth and final stage is the Formal Operations stage, which occurs from 11 through the end of adolescence. This stage is characterized by the ability to think abstractly, to reason deductively, to define concepts, and also by the emergence of skills for dealing with permutations and combinations.

      Piaget also developed key concepts, including schema, assimilation, and accommodation. A schema is a category of knowledge and the process of obtaining that knowledge. Assimilation is the process of taking new information into an existing schema, while accommodation involves altering a schema in view of additional information.

      Overall, Piaget’s stages of development and key concepts provide a framework for understanding how children learn and acquire knowledge.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychological Development
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  • Question 6 - Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine?

      Your Answer: Dopa decarboxylase

      Correct Answer: Tyrosine hydroxylase

      Explanation:

      Neurotransmitters are substances used by neurons to communicate with each other and with target tissues. They are synthesized and released from nerve endings into the synaptic cleft, where they bind to receptor proteins in the cellular membrane of the target tissue. Neurotransmitters can be classified into different types, including small molecules (such as acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and GABA) and large molecules (such as neuropeptides). They can also be classified as excitatory or inhibitory. Receptors can be ionotropic or metabotropic, and the effects of neurotransmitters can be fast of slow. Some important neurotransmitters include acetylcholine, dopamine, GABA, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Each neurotransmitter has a specific synthesis, breakdown, and receptor type. Understanding neurotransmitters is important for understanding the function of the nervous system and for developing treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neurosciences
      13.5
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  • Question 7 - Can you rephrase the question to ask for the term that refers to...

    Incorrect

    • Can you rephrase the question to ask for the term that refers to the transfer of genetic material without it being written in the DNA?

      Your Answer: Heritability

      Correct Answer: Epigenetic

      Explanation:

      Epigenetics is the study of alterations in gene expression that occur due to factors other than changes in the DNA sequence. These modifications can persist throughout the lifespan of a cell and even be passed down to future generations, but they do not involve any changes to the actual DNA sequence of the organism. Essentially, epigenetic changes can impact a cell, organ, of individual without directly affecting their genetic code, and can have an indirect effect on how the genome is expressed.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      99.8
      Seconds
  • Question 8 - All of the following contribute to the sleep enhancing properties of mirtazapine except:...

    Incorrect

    • All of the following contribute to the sleep enhancing properties of mirtazapine except:

      Your Answer: Alpha 1 antagonist

      Correct Answer: Alpha 2 antagonist

      Explanation:

      Mirtazapine is known to enhance sleep through its effects on various receptors, including 5HT2, 5HT3, and H1, as well as alpha 1 antagonist. However, its alpha 2 antagonist may actually inhibit the release of norepinephrine and potentially diminish the sleep-enhancing effects of the drug at higher dosages. Therefore, doses of 30mg of less are typically used to treat insomnia. (Source: Foundations of Psychiatric Sleep Medicine, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p.224)

      Mechanisms of Action of Different Drugs

      Understanding the mechanisms of action of different drugs is crucial for medical professionals. It is a common topic in exams and can earn easy marks if studied well. This article provides a list of drugs and their mechanisms of action in different categories such as antidepressants, anti dementia drugs, mood stabilizers, anxiolytic/hypnotic drugs, antipsychotics, drugs of abuse, and other drugs. For example, mirtazapine is a noradrenaline and serotonin specific antidepressant that works as a 5HT2 antagonist, 5HT3 antagonist, H1 antagonist, alpha 1 and alpha 2 antagonist, and moderate muscarinic antagonist. Similarly, donepezil is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used as an anti dementia drug, while valproate is a GABA agonist and NMDA antagonist used as a mood stabilizer. The article also explains the mechanisms of action of drugs such as ketamine, phencyclidine, buprenorphine, naloxone, atomoxetine, varenicline, disulfiram, acamprosate, and sildenafil.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychopharmacology
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  • Question 9 - A juvenile with conduct disorder became violent at school and injured a classmate....

    Incorrect

    • A juvenile with conduct disorder became violent at school and injured a classmate. The child psychologist who evaluated them believes they require mental health intervention. The judge rules that they must be placed in a juvenile detention center.
      What ethical principle is exemplified by this ruling?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Utilitarianism

      Explanation:

      In the given situation, the concept of confidentiality cannot be applied as the forensic psychiatrist was required to disclose information about the patient’s mental health to the court. Confidentiality is the act of entrusting information to someone with the expectation that it will be kept private, and it is closely related to trust, respect, privacy, security, intimacy, confession, and reliance.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Ethics And Philosophy Of Psychiatry
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  • Question 10 - What type of attachment is demonstrated by a child who is equally comforted...

    Incorrect

    • What type of attachment is demonstrated by a child who is equally comforted by a parent and a stranger?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Avoidant

      Explanation:

      Attachment (Ainsworth)

      Psychologist Mary Ainsworth developed the ‘Strange Situation procedure’ to study and categorize attachment in children aged 12 to 18 months. The procedure involves seven steps, including two separations and two reunions, and takes place in one room. The child’s attachment is classified into one of three styles: secure, anxious-resistant, and anxious-avoidant. A fourth category, disorganized, is sometimes observed. Ainsworth suggested that the child’s attachment style is determined by the primary caregiver’s behavior.

      Mary Main later developed the Adult Attachment Interview and identified four categories of attachment in adults that correspond to those observed in the strange situation. The distribution of adult attachment styles correlates with those of the strange situation, with 70% of children and adults having secure attachment. Attachment styles also seem to be passed on to subsequent generations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychological Development
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Neurosciences (2/2) 100%
Psychological Development (2/2) 100%
Psychopharmacology (0/2) 0%
Genetics (1/1) 100%
Basic Ethics And Philosophy Of Psychiatry (0/1) 0%
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