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  • Question 1 - What occurs during metaphase II of meiosis? ...

    Incorrect

    • What occurs during metaphase II of meiosis?

      Your Answer: Tetrads attach to the meiotic spindle to divide into chromosomes

      Correct Answer: The cell's chromosomes attach to the meiotic spindle to divide into chromatids

      Explanation:

      The Process of Meiosis

      Meiosis is a complex process that involves two major cycles. The first cycle, meiosis I, condenses the reproductive cell’s DNA into chromosomes that are then replicated, creating two pairs of each original chromosome. These pairs are then separated, and the cell divides with one chromosome in each daughter cell. The second cycle, meiosis II, splits the chromosomes into individual chromatids, which are then separated as in meiosis I. This separation is facilitated by a spindle, a set of parallel fibers that attach to the center of each chromosome and split into two, making the chromatids travel on the polar opposite sides of the cell. The cell then divides again, giving rise to four haploid daughter cells.

      During meiosis II, the chromosomes align on the spindle in metaphase II. Tetrads separate during anaphase I and line up during metaphase I. Sister chromatids separate on the meiotic spindle during anaphase II. Finally, chromosomes uncoil and lengthen at the end of meiosis, in telophase II. This process is essential for the production of gametes and the continuation of sexual reproduction in many organisms.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 2 - A 10-year-old patient presents with recurrent skin cancer and is diagnosed with xeroderma...

    Correct

    • A 10-year-old patient presents with recurrent skin cancer and is diagnosed with xeroderma pigmentosum. What is the defective biochemical mechanism in this disease?

      Your Answer: DNA excision repair

      Explanation:

      Xeroderma Pigmentosum and DNA Repair

      Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) found in the skin cells can absorb ultraviolet (UV) light, which can cause the formation of pyrimidine dimers. These dimers are removed through a process called excision repair, where the damaged DNA is cut out and replaced with new DNA. However, if this process fails, it can lead to mutations in genes that suppress tumors or promote their growth, potentially leading to cancer.

      Xeroderma pigmentosum is a genetic disorder that is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. This means that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent, to develop the disorder. Generally, disorders that affect metabolism or DNA replication on a cellular or genetic level are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. On the other hand, genetic disorders that affect larger structural components are usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. While there are exceptions to these rules, they can serve as a helpful guide for exam preparation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      20.5
      Seconds
  • Question 3 - What is the primary role of the nuclear membrane? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the primary role of the nuclear membrane?

      Your Answer: To maintain the integrity of heterochromatin inside the nucleus

      Correct Answer: To regulate transport of molecules in and out of the nucleus

      Explanation:

      The Role of the Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope in Cell Function

      The nucleus is a crucial component of eukaryotic cells, serving as the control centre for the cell. It is characterised by a membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell’s chromosomes and is heavily involved in regulating gene transcription and protein synthesis. The nuclear envelope, which consists of an outer and inner membrane, plays a critical role in regulating the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus. This is achieved through nuclear pores on the surface of the envelope, which allow the passage of water-soluble molecules. While the incorrect answer options describe minor roles of the nuclear envelope, its primary function is to act as a regulatory barrier for anything that enters or exits the nucleus. Overall, the nucleus and nuclear envelope are essential components of cell function, playing a critical role in regulating gene expression and maintaining cellular homeostasis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      43.4
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  • Question 4 - A 70-year-old male smoker complains of calf pain.

    The GP performs a clinical...

    Correct

    • A 70-year-old male smoker complains of calf pain.

      The GP performs a clinical test by raising the patient's legs and observing for the angle at which there is blanching. After one minute, the legs are lowered over the side of the couch so that they are fully dependent with feet on the floor. Reactive hyperaemia is observed.

      Which clinical test does this describe?

      Your Answer: Buerger's test

      Explanation:

      Tests for Assessing Arterial and Venous Circulation, Hip Dysfunction, and Meniscal Tear

      Buerger’s test is a method used to evaluate the arterial circulation of the lower limb. The test involves observing the angle at which blanching occurs, with a lower angle indicating a higher likelihood of arterial insufficiency. Additionally, the degree of reactive hyperaemia on dependency of the limb after one minute is another positive sign of arterial insufficiency during the test.

      Another test used to assess circulation is the Ankle-Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI), which involves using blood pressure cuffs to determine the degree of claudication. McMurray’s test, on the other hand, is used to evaluate for a meniscal tear within the knee joint.

      Perthe’s test is a method used to assess the patency of the deep femoral vein prior to varicose vein surgery. Lastly, Trendelenburg’s test is used to evaluate hip dysfunction. These tests are important in diagnosing and treating various conditions related to circulation and joint function.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      36.5
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  • Question 5 - What role does vitamin K play in the body? ...

    Incorrect

    • What role does vitamin K play in the body?

      Your Answer: Activation of clotting factors III, IV, V, VI

      Correct Answer: Activation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X

      Explanation:

      The Roles of Vitamin K in the Body

      Vitamin K plays several important roles in the body. One of its main functions is to modify clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X through a process called carboxylation. This modification allows calcium to bind to the factors, which is necessary for them to participate in the clotting pathway. This principle is used in full blood counts to prevent clotting by adding EDTA, which chelates the calcium. Vitamin K also modifies osteocalcin and matrix proteins in bone, as well as nephrocalcin in the kidney, in a similar way.

      In addition to its role in blood clotting and bone health, vitamin K is also important for nervous tissue development and growth. However, vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin are sometimes used as anticoagulants to prevent blood clots. It is important to follow guidelines and instructions carefully when using these medications. Overall, vitamin K plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and function of various systems in the body.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      576
      Seconds
  • Question 6 - As part of your general practice placement, you have been tasked with conducting...

    Incorrect

    • As part of your general practice placement, you have been tasked with conducting an audit on the duration of solid food introduction in the practice population. You review the data for the last six infants born within the practice:
      6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months.

      What is the variance value for the duration of solid food introduction in the practice population?

      Your Answer: 8.6

      Correct Answer: 74.9

      Explanation:

      Variance and Standard Deviation in Breast Feeding Duration

      Variance is a statistical measure that indicates how spread out a set of data is. In the case of breast feeding duration, variance can help us understand how much the duration varies from the mean. The formula for variance involves squaring the difference between each data point and the mean, then dividing the sum by n-1, where n is the total number of data points. In a sample population, n-1 is a better estimate of variance than n because it accounts for the variability within the sample.

      For example, if the variance of breast feeding duration is 74.9 months, this indicates that the duration is widely distributed from the mean of 17.6 months. A smaller variance, such as 4.5 months, would indicate that the duration varies less and is closer to the mean. The standard deviation, which is the square root of the variance, is also important in the spread of data. In a normal distribution, 95% of observations will fall within two standard deviations of the mean.

      In the case of breast feeding duration, the mean is 17.6 months, indicating that babies are breast fed for an average of 15 and a half months. The median, which is the middle number in the data set, is 15 months, meaning that half of the babies were breast fed for 15 months. variance and standard deviation can help us better understand the distribution of breast feeding duration and other medical measurements.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      61.7
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  • Question 7 - The arrangement of amphipathic phospholipids in the mammalian cell membrane, what is it...

    Incorrect

    • The arrangement of amphipathic phospholipids in the mammalian cell membrane, what is it like?

      Your Answer: A lipid bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing out with a hydrophilic head facing in

      Correct Answer: A lipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing out and hydrophobic tails facing in

      Explanation:

      The Function and Structure of the Mammalian Cell Membrane

      The mammalian cell membrane serves as a protective barrier that separates the cytoplasm from the extracellular environment. It also acts as a filter for molecules that move across it. Unlike plant and prokaryotic cells, mammalian cells do not have a cell wall. The main component of the cell membrane is a bilayer of amphipathic lipids, which have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. The phospholipids in the bilayer are oriented with their hydrophilic heads facing outward and their hydrophobic tails facing inward. This arrangement allows for the separation of the watery extracellular environment from the watery intracellular compartment.

      It is important to note that the cell membrane is not a monolayer and the phospholipids are not linked head-to-tail. This is in contrast to DNA, which has a helical chain formation. Overall, the structure and function of the mammalian cell membrane are crucial for maintaining the integrity and proper functioning of the cell.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      93.4
      Seconds
  • Question 8 - What could be a potential cause of metabolic acidosis? ...

    Correct

    • What could be a potential cause of metabolic acidosis?

      Your Answer: Poorly controlled diabetes

      Explanation:

      Acid-Base Imbalances in Different Medical Conditions

      Poorly controlled diabetes can cause the breakdown of fatty acids, leading to the production of ketones as an alternative energy source. However, an excess of ketones can result in metabolic acidosis due to their acidic nature. On the other hand, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and suffocation can cause the retention of carbon dioxide, leading to respiratory acidosis. In COPD, there may be a compensatory metabolic alkalosis. Voluntary hyperventilation can cause respiratory alkalosis due to the reduction of carbon dioxide. Vomiting can also lead to metabolic alkalosis. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a complication of type 1 diabetes that results in high blood sugar levels, ketone production, and acidosis.

      In summary, different medical conditions can cause acid-base imbalances in the body. It is important to identify the underlying cause of the imbalance to provide appropriate treatment.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      38.2
      Seconds
  • Question 9 - What role does the nucleolus play in eukaryotic cells? ...

    Incorrect

    • What role does the nucleolus play in eukaryotic cells?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: To transcribe ribosomal RNA and assemble ribosomes

      Explanation:

      The Nucleolus: Structure and Function

      The nucleolus is a non-membrane-bound structure that takes up about a quarter of the nuclear volume. It is composed mainly of proteins and nucleic acids and is responsible for transcribing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembling ribosomes in the cell. Nucleoli are formed in nucleolar organizing regions (NORs), which are also the regions of the genes for three of the four eukaryotic rRNAs.

      During ribosome assembly, ribosomal proteins enter the nucleolus from the cytoplasm and begin to assemble on an rRNA precursor. As the pre-rRNA is cleaved to produce 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNAs, additional ribosomal proteins and the 5S rRNA (which is synthesized elsewhere in the nucleus) assemble to form preribosomal subunits. These subunits then exit the nucleolus into the cytoplasm and combine to produce the final 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits.

      Overall, the nucleolus plays a crucial role in protein synthesis by producing the components necessary for ribosome assembly. Its unique structure and function make it an essential component of the cell’s machinery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 10 - What is the cause of the symptoms of weakness, dermatitis, diarrhoea and dementia...

    Incorrect

    • What is the cause of the symptoms of weakness, dermatitis, diarrhoea and dementia in pellagra?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Deficiency of the vitamin niacin

      Explanation:

      Niacin Deficiency and Other Genetic Diseases

      Niacin, a vitamin present in two forms – nicotinamide and nicotinic acid, is found in a variety of plant and animal foodstuffs. However, in some cases, the form of the vitamin is not easily absorbed by the human body, leading to deficiency. This deficiency is common in areas where maize is the primary dietary carbohydrate. Additionally, niacin can be produced by the body from the amino acid tryptophan. Diseases that affect the availability of tryptophan, such as Hartnup disease and carcinoid syndrome, can also result in niacin deficiency.

      Pellagra is a condition that arises from niacin deficiency. It initially presents with non-specific symptoms such as nausea, fatigue, and reduced appetite, followed by pigmented dermatitis in sun-exposed areas, gastrointestinal disturbance, mood disturbance, and dementia in severe cases.

      Apart from niacin deficiency, genetic diseases affecting collagen synthesis, such as Ehlers Danlos, present with symptoms of fragile stretchy skin and joint hypermobility. Genetic diseases affecting haemoglobin, such as sickle cell anaemia, present with symptoms of pain, hepatosplenomegaly, shortness of breath, and anaemia. Deficiencies in B12 and folate can also lead to macrocytic anaemia, paresthesia, and lethargy.

      In conclusion, the causes and symptoms of niacin deficiency and other genetic diseases is crucial for early diagnosis and effective treatment. A balanced diet and regular medical check-ups can help prevent and manage these conditions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 11 - What is the most common method of assessing nutritional status in adults? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most common method of assessing nutritional status in adults?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Body mass index

      Explanation:

      The Body Mass Index as a Measure of Nutritional Status

      The measurement and assessment of nutritional status can be challenging, and there is no single test that can provide a complete picture. However, the body mass index (BMI) is a commonly used measurement in clinical practice. The BMI is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by their height in meters squared. This measure is used to assess adiposity and nutritional status, and it is simple and quick to calculate and interpret.

      Although the BMI is a convenient measure, it has limitations for assessing obesity in individual patients. It is best used to track trends in an individual patient’s BMI over time. In some cases, the BMI may overestimate fat mass in patients who are very tall or have a high proportion of lean tissue due to an active lifestyle. Additionally, the BMI may not be accurate for athletes and children.

      Other measurements, such as skin fold thickness and weight, can also be useful, but the BMI is generally considered the better option. The ponderal index is used specifically for children. It is important to note that albumin is not a reliable marker of nutritional status, as it can also be affected by inflammation.

      Overall, the BMI is a widely used measure of nutritional status and is recommended by the World Health Organization. However, it is important to consider its limitations and use it in conjunction with other measurements to obtain a more complete picture of a patient’s nutritional status.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 12 - What occurs in eukaryotic prometaphase? ...

    Incorrect

    • What occurs in eukaryotic prometaphase?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: The nuclear membrane and the nucleoli disintegrate and kinetochores appear

      Explanation:

      The Significance of Prometaphase in Cell Division

      Prometaphase is a crucial phase in cell division that marks the transition from prophase to metaphase. Although it is often considered as a part of these two phases, it has distinct events that make it an individual phase. During prometaphase, the nuclear membrane disintegrates, and the nucleoli are no longer visible. Additionally, each chromosome forms two kinetochores near the centromere, which serve as attachment points for spindle fibers. These fibers connect to the opposite poles of the cell, forming travelling lines that will separate the sister chromatids during anaphase.

      Prophase is characterized by chromatin condensation, while DNA and centrosome duplication occur during interphase. Chromosome alignment takes place during metaphase, and the sister chromatids separate during anaphase. Prometaphase, therefore, plays a crucial role in preparing the chromosomes for separation during anaphase. Its distinct events make it an essential phase in cell division, and its proper execution is necessary for successful cell division.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 13 - What RNA base pairs with adenine when synthesizing a complementary RNA strand from...

    Incorrect

    • What RNA base pairs with adenine when synthesizing a complementary RNA strand from DNA, using RNA polymerase to split the helix at specific points?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Uracil

      Explanation:

      Differences between DNA and RNA

      DNA and RNA differ in several ways. The primary sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA it is ribose. Additionally, DNA is double stranded, while RNA is single stranded. This single stranded structure with un-paired bases allows for transcription to occur when the DNA bases are freed. Each base has a specific pairing, with guanine always binding to cytosine and adenine always binding to thymine in the DNA strand. During transcription, the same complementary RNA bases assemble with the DNA bases, except for thymine, which is not an RNA base. Instead, uracil serves as the RNA pyrimidine base equivalent of thymine. Finally, lysine is an amino acid coded for by the RNA base triplet AAA, where A represents adenine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 14 - What is the final product of glycolysis besides ATP? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the final product of glycolysis besides ATP?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Pyruvate

      Explanation:

      Glycolysis: The Energy-Producing Reaction

      Glycolysis is a crucial energy-producing reaction that converts glucose into pyruvate while releasing energy to create ATP and NADH+. It is one of the three major carbohydrate reactions, along with the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. The reaction involves ten enzymatic steps that provide entry points to glycolysis, allowing for a variety of starting points. The most common starting point is glucose or glycogen, which produces glucose-6-phosphate.

      Glycolysis occurs in two phases: the preparatory (or investment) phase and the pay-off phase. In the preparatory phase, ATP is consumed to start the reaction, while in the pay-off phase, ATP is produced. Glycolysis can be either aerobic or anaerobic, but it does not require nor consume oxygen.

      Although other molecules are involved in glycolysis at some stage, none of them form its end product. Lactic acid is associated with anaerobic glycolysis. glycolysis is essential for how the body produces energy from carbohydrates.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 15 - To what type of cell can mesenchymal stem cells transform? ...

    Incorrect

    • To what type of cell can mesenchymal stem cells transform?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Osteoblasts

      Explanation:

      Mesenchymal Cells: The Stem Cells of the Human Skeleton

      Mesenchymal cells are the primary stem cells of the human skeleton. These multipotent cells originate in the bone marrow and have the ability to differentiate into various cell types. Osteoblasts, responsible for bone formation, chondrocytes, which give rise to cartilage, and adipocytes, specialized in storing energy as fat, are some of the cells that mesenchymal cells can produce. Muscle cells, or myocytes, arise from muscle satellite cells, while skin cells come from epithelial stem cells. Neurons mostly arise from neural stem cells, although some may come from astrocytes. White blood cells, on the other hand, come from hematopoietic stem cells. Mesenchymal cells play a crucial role in the maintenance and repair of the human skeleton, making them an essential area of study in regenerative medicine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 16 - A man in his forties comes in with chest pain resembling a heart...

    Incorrect

    • A man in his forties comes in with chest pain resembling a heart attack and is diagnosed with a myocardial infarction. During his hospitalization, it is discovered that he has familial hypercholesterolemia but his triglyceride levels are normal. What is the underlying biochemical abnormality?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Defective LDL receptors

      Explanation:

      Lipid Metabolism and Transport in the Body

      The breakdown of triglycerides in the small intestine is facilitated by pancreatic lipase. These triglycerides are then transported to the liver and other parts of the body through chylomicrons.

      Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is responsible for carrying triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues. When there is an overproduction of VLDL in the liver, it can lead to high levels of triglycerides in the body.

      Pure hypercholesterolaemia is a condition that arises due to a defect in the process of cholesterol uptake into cells. This process relies on apolipoprotein B-100 binding to LDL receptors and facilitating endocytosis. When this process is disrupted, it can lead to high levels of cholesterol in the body.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 17 - What is the estimated percentage of oxygen in the blood that is attached...

    Incorrect

    • What is the estimated percentage of oxygen in the blood that is attached to haemoglobin?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 100%

      Explanation:

      Calculation of Oxygen in Blood

      The majority of oxygen in the blood is bound to haemoglobin, with the exact amount varying based on the oxygen saturation and haemoglobin level. To calculate the amount of oxygen per litre of blood, the formula (13.9 × Hb × sats/100) + (PaO2 × 0.03) can be used. For example, an average man with an Hb of 14, saturations of 98% on room air, and a PaO2 of 12 would have 191 ml of oxygen per litre of blood. It is important to note that only 0.36 ml of this oxygen is dissolved in the blood.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 18 - At what stage of meiosis does the process of homologous recombination occur? ...

    Incorrect

    • At what stage of meiosis does the process of homologous recombination occur?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Prophase I

      Explanation:

      Homologous Recombination: A Mechanism for DNA Repair and Genetic Variation

      Homologous recombination is a process that allows for the exchange of nucleotide sequences between two similar or identical DNA molecules. This occurs during meiosis, specifically during the second phase of prophase I, where sister chromatids swap sequences. The primary purpose of homologous recombination is to accurately repair harmful double-strand DNA breaks. This process results in new combinations of DNA sequences that provide genetic variation in daughter cells and, ultimately, the organism’s offspring.

      In prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and viruses, homologous recombination occurs during horizontal gene transfer. This process involves the exchange of genetic material between different strains and species. Homologous recombination plays a crucial role in the evolution of these organisms by allowing for the acquisition of new traits and adaptations.

      Overall, homologous recombination is a vital mechanism for DNA repair and genetic variation. It ensures the accuracy of DNA replication and contributes to the diversity of life on Earth.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 19 - Which statement regarding microtubules is accurate in relation to Chediak-Higashi syndrome? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which statement regarding microtubules is accurate in relation to Chediak-Higashi syndrome?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: They are arranged in a 9+2 formation in cilia

      Explanation:

      Microtubules and Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

      Microtubules are structures composed of alpha and beta tubulin dimers that are arranged in a helix and can be added or removed to vary the length. They are found in flagella, mitotic spindles, and cilia, where they have a 9+2 arrangement. Chemotherapy agents, such as taxanes, target microtubules in breast cancer treatment.

      Chediak-Higashi syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition that presents with albinism, bleeding and bruising due to platelet dysfunction, and susceptibility to infections due to abnormal neutrophils. The LYST gene is responsible for lysosomal trafficking proteins and is affected in this syndrome.

      In summary, microtubules are important structures in various cellular processes and are targeted in cancer treatment. Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects lysosomal trafficking proteins and presents with various symptoms.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 20 - What are the vitamins that are soluble in fat? ...

    Incorrect

    • What are the vitamins that are soluble in fat?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Vitamins A, D, E and K

      Explanation:

      Absorption of Fat-Soluble Vitamins

      Fat-soluble vitamins, namely A, D, E, and K, have a different absorption process compared to water-soluble vitamins. In the gut, these vitamins are combined with other fat-soluble substances such as monoacylglycerols and cholesterol to form micelles. These micelles are then transported to the lymphatic system and eventually enter the bloodstream through the subclavian vein.

      However, any issues that affect the absorption of fats will also impact the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. This means that individuals with conditions that affect fat absorption, such as cystic fibrosis or celiac disease, may have difficulty absorbing these vitamins. It is important to ensure adequate intake of fat-soluble vitamins through a balanced diet or supplements to prevent deficiencies and associated health problems.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 21 - What is the primary function of riboflavin in the B vitamin group? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the primary function of riboflavin in the B vitamin group?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Mopping up free radicals

      Explanation:

      The Role of Riboflavin in the Body

      Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a B-vitamin that plays a crucial role in the body. One of its functions is to act as an antioxidant, mopping up free radicals that can cause damage to cells. However, if the metabolites formed during this process are not excreted promptly, the free radicals can be generated again. Riboflavin is also involved in the production of blue-light sensitive pigments in the eye, which help establish the circadian rhythm. This function is not related to visual acuity.

      Riboflavin is found in a variety of foods, including milk and offal. Deficiency of this vitamin is rare, but when it does occur, it can cause non-specific effects on the skin and mucous membranes. There is no evidence of clear long-lasting damage from riboflavin deficiency. Overall, riboflavin is an important nutrient that plays a vital role in maintaining good health.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 22 - During which phase of aerobic respiration is FADH2 generated? ...

    Incorrect

    • During which phase of aerobic respiration is FADH2 generated?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Krebs cycle

      Explanation:

      The Krebs Cycle and the Role of FADH2

      The Krebs cycle is a crucial part of aerobic respiration in cells. It involves a series of reactions that convert acetate, derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, into carbon dioxide and energy in the form of ATP. Additionally, the Krebs cycle produces precursors for some amino acids and reducing agents like NADH and FADH2 that are involved in other metabolic pathways.

      FAD is a redox cofactor that plays a vital role in the Krebs cycle. It receives two electrons from the sixth reaction of the cycle, where succinate dehydrogenase converts succinate into fumarate by removing two hydrogen atoms and attaching them onto FAD. This process results in FAD gaining two electrons and reducing into FADH2.

      FADH2 then donates the electrons to the electron transport chain, which is another part of cellular respiration. This mechanism helps compensate for the relatively low amount of ATP produced by the Krebs cycle (2.5 molecules of ATP per turn) compared to the electron transport chain (26-28 molecules of ATP). Overall, the Krebs cycle and the role of FADH2 are essential for generating energy in cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 23 - The Krebs or TCA cycle is a series of metabolic processes beginning with...

    Incorrect

    • The Krebs or TCA cycle is a series of metabolic processes beginning with the synthesis of citrate from acetyl-CoA which results in a number of important metabolic products. Where in the cell does this cycle occur?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Mitochondria

      Explanation:

      Cellular Processes and Organelles

      Metabolic processes in the cell occur in specific locations. Acetyl-CoA production and the Krebs cycle take place in the mitochondrium, while glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. The nucleus is the central structure of the cell that contains DNA and is double membrane-bound. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for packaging and transporting proteins, while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum performs a similar function but lacks ribosomes.

      It is important to understand where these processes occur in the cell to better understand their functions and how they contribute to the overall functioning of the cell. The mitochondrium is responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP, while the cytoplasm is where glucose is broken down during glycolysis. The nucleus is where genetic information is stored and replicated, and the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and transport.

      In summary, the cell is a complex system with various organelles that perform specific functions. where these processes occur in the cell is crucial to how they contribute to the overall functioning of the cell.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 24 - A couple in their late 30s come to the clinic seeking information about...

    Incorrect

    • A couple in their late 30s come to the clinic seeking information about the risk of their three children inheriting Huntington's disease. The husband has recently been diagnosed with the disease, while the wife is not affected. What is the likelihood, expressed as a percentage, that their children will inherit the disease?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 50%

      Explanation:

      Huntington’s Disease

      Huntington’s disease is a genetic disorder that typically appears later in life and is characterized by symptoms such as chorea, cognitive decline, and personality changes. It is an autosomal dominant disease, meaning that there is a 50% chance of passing it on to offspring. If the gene is inherited from an unaffected parent, the child will not be affected. This is different from autosomal recessive inheritance, where both parents must pass on the gene for it to affect their children.

      The disease is caused by an increase in the length of a repeating trinucleotide sequence (CAG) in the Huntington protein. This sequence can change in length through generations, and longer sequences are associated with earlier onset of symptoms (genetic anticipation). Since Huntington’s disease usually presents itself after people have already started their families, there are many issues associated with genetic testing.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 25 - A premature baby is born and the anaesthetists are struggling to ventilate the...

    Incorrect

    • A premature baby is born and the anaesthetists are struggling to ventilate the lungs because of insufficient surfactant. How does Laplace's law explain the force pushing inwards on the walls of the alveolus caused by surface tension between two static fluids, such as air and water in the alveolus?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Inversely proportional to the radius of the alveolus

      Explanation:

      The Relationship between Alveolar Size and Surface Tension in Respiratory Physiology

      In respiratory physiology, the alveolus is often represented as a perfect sphere to apply Laplace’s law. According to this law, there is an inverse relationship between the size of the alveolus and the surface tension. This means that smaller alveoli experience greater force than larger alveoli for a given surface tension, and they will collapse first. This phenomenon explains why, when two balloons are attached together by their ends, the smaller balloon will empty into the bigger balloon.

      In the lungs, this same principle applies to lung units, causing atelectasis and collapse when surfactant is not present. Surfactant is a substance that reduces surface tension, making it easier to expand the alveoli and preventing smaller alveoli from collapsing. Therefore, surfactant plays a crucial role in maintaining the proper functioning of the lungs and preventing respiratory distress. the relationship between alveolar size and surface tension is essential in respiratory physiology and can help in the development of treatments for lung diseases.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 26 - What factor causes a shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the left?...

    Incorrect

    • What factor causes a shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the left?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Increased pH

      Explanation:

      The Oxygen Dissociation Curve and its Effects on Oxygen Saturation

      The oxygen dissociation curve is a graph that compares the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (Hb) at different partial pressures of oxygen. When more oxygen is needed by the tissues, the curve shifts to the right. This means that at the same partial pressure of oxygen, less oxygen is bound to Hb, allowing it to be released to the tissues. This effect is caused by increased levels of CO2 and temperature, which assist in the transfer of oxygen to more metabolically active tissues. Additionally, increased levels of 2,3-DPG also aid in this process.

      On the other hand, a left shift in the curve reflects conditions where there is less need for oxygen in the tissues, such as in the lungs. This allows for increased binding of oxygen to Hb, allowing it to be taken up before transport to the tissues that require it. Overall, the oxygen dissociation curve plays a crucial role in regulating oxygen saturation in the body and ensuring that oxygen is delivered to the tissues that need it most.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 27 - What is the term for the process described below in laboratory testing?

    Enzymes...

    Incorrect

    • What is the term for the process described below in laboratory testing?

      Enzymes are immobilised on a solid surface, such as a bead or well, and allowed to come into contact with the sample. After washing, another enzyme is added with a label allowing quantitation of the analyte.

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

      Explanation:

      ELISA: A Common Immunoassay in Medical Diagnostic Testing

      An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a type of immunoassay that is widely used in medical diagnostic testing. This method uses antibodies to identify and/or quantify the analyte being tested. The ELISA process involves several steps, including coating a plate with the antigen, adding the patient’s sample, washing the plate to remove any unbound material, adding an enzyme-linked antibody, washing the plate again, and adding a substrate to produce a measurable signal.

      Over time, many modifications have been made to the ELISA, making it a versatile tool in the laboratory for measuring various analytes. Some of the substances that can be measured using immunoassays include thyroid hormone, testosterone, oestrogen, troponin, and vitamin D. The ELISA has been around for a long time and is still widely used today due to its accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 28 - What is the main role of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the main role of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Process of proteins

      Explanation:

      The Golgi Apparatus, Cell Division, and Homeostasis

      The Golgi apparatus is a structure found in eukaryotic cells that consists of flattened membrane stacks. Its primary function is to modify proteins that have been synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, preparing them for secretion or transport within the cell. However, the Golgi apparatus is not directly involved in cell division, which is controlled by the nucleus.

      Cell homeostasis, on the other hand, is primarily maintained by membrane-embedded channels or proteins such as the sodium-potassium pump. This mechanism ensures that the cell’s internal environment remains stable. The sodium-potassium pump is an active transport mechanism that involves the binding of three intracellular sodium ions to the protein. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) donates a phosphate group to the protein, which causes it to change shape and release the sodium ions out of the cell.

      The protein then accepts two extracellular potassium ions, and the donated phosphate group detaches, causing the protein to revert to its original shape. This allows the potassium ions to enter the cell, increasing the intracellular potassium concentration and decreasing the intracellular sodium concentration. This process is in contrast to the extracellular conditions.

      In summary, the Golgi apparatus modifies proteins for secretion or transport, while cell division is controlled by the nucleus. Cell homeostasis is maintained by membrane-embedded channels or proteins such as the sodium-potassium pump, which actively transports ions to stabilize the cell’s internal environment.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 29 - What is the end result of meiosis in a cell? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the end result of meiosis in a cell?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 4 haploid cells

      Explanation:

      Meiosis

      Meiosis is a crucial process that occurs in the genetic cells of eukaryotic organisms. Its primary purpose is to recombine genes, which results in genetic variation while also ensuring genetic preservation. Although meiosis shares some similarities with mitosis, it is restricted to genetic cells, also known as gametes, of eukaryotic organisms.

      During meiosis, a gamete duplicates each of its chromosomes and divides into two diploid cells. These cells then divide into four haploid cells by the end of the second stage of meiosis (telophase II and cytokinesis). These haploid cells are either sperm cells (male) or eggs (female) in mammals. When these haploid cells fuse together, they produce a diploid zygote that contains two copies of parental genes.

      In summary, meiosis is a crucial process that ensures genetic variation and preservation in eukaryotic organisms. It involves the duplication and division of genetic cells into haploid cells, which can then fuse together to produce a diploid zygote.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 30 - In scientific experimentation, what is the term used to describe the movement of...

    Incorrect

    • In scientific experimentation, what is the term used to describe the movement of charged particles or solutes in a liquid medium due to an electric field?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Electrophoresis

      Explanation:

      Electrophoresis: Separating Molecules Based on Charge and Mass

      Electrophoresis is a technique that separates solutes, molecules, or nucleic acids based on their mass and charge. It involves the migration of charged particles in a liquid medium under the influence of an electric field. The apparatus consists of two electrodes placed at either end of a support medium, or gel, which is suspended in a buffer solution. The sample is inserted into a well and a current is applied. Over time, positively charged solutes move towards the negative electrode, while negatively charged substances move towards the positive electrode. Once the migration is complete, the gel is removed and stained to color the substance being tested for, such as protein.

      This technique is widely used in medical testing, but it requires a higher degree of operational and interpretive skill than many other tests, which is why it often takes longer to get a result. Electrophoresis has various uses and adaptations, such as standard electrophoresis for protein detection in the diagnosis of myeloma, identification of unusual lipid fractions in patients with inherited diseases, and detection of viral DNA through Southern Blotting. There is also Northern blotting, primarily a research technique at present, which uses electrophoresis to separate RNA. Additionally, Western blotting is used to test for the presence of antibodies to DNA through protein separation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
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