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  • Question 1 - A 53-year-old woman presents with upper GI haemorrhage. She has a history of...

    Correct

    • A 53-year-old woman presents with upper GI haemorrhage. She has a history of rheumatoid arthritis for which she is managed with low dose prednisolone, diclofenac and codeine phosphate. On examination in the Emergency ward her BP is 90/60 mmHg, pulse 100/min. You fluid resuscitate her and her BP improves to 115/80 mmHg, with a pulse of 80/min. Investigations; Hb 10.4 g/dL, WCC 6.1 x109/L, PLT 145 x109/L, Na+ 139 mmol/L, K+ 4.9 mmol/L, Creatinine 180 μmol/L, ECG – Lateral ST depression , Upper GI endoscopy reveals a large bleeding ulcer on the posterior aspect of the duodenum. It cannot be easily reached with the endoscope, and you decide to attempt embolization. Which of the following is the artery that should be targeted?

      Your Answer: Posterior superior Pancreaticoduodenal artery

      Explanation:

      The most common location for a duodenal ulcer bleed is the posterior duodenum (remember: posterior bleeds, anterior perforates). The perfusion to this area is most specifically from the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery.

      The anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the anterior region. The gastroepiploic artery supplies mostly the stomach. The splenic artery goes, obviously, toward the spleen, in the other direction. The gastroduodenal artery is a branch of the celiac artery, and it’s branches are the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      4.4
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  • Question 2 - A 45-year-old man who had a liver transplant just over 3 months ago,...

    Correct

    • A 45-year-old man who had a liver transplant just over 3 months ago, now has primary sclerosing cholangitis. He complains of fever, abdominal pain and diarrhoea, which has come on over the last week. He has a platelet count of 60 x 109/L and alanine transaminase (ALT) of 300 U/L with a normal bilirubin. He is taking tacrolimus and prednisolone for immunosuppression, and tells you that he recently stopped taking valganciclovir. What is the most likely diagnosis?

      Your Answer: Donor-acquired cytomegalovirus

      Explanation:

      The fact that he has recently stopped taking his valganciclovir, anti-viral, is key to the answer to this question. This makes the answer quite plainly donor-acquired CMV infection over all of the other answer choices. He needs to stay on prophylaxis against this, particularly in the first 3 months after transplant. Symptoms and presentations of CMV infection can include fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, pneumonitis, hepatitis, hematologic abnormalities, retinitis, and esophagitis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      5
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  • Question 3 - A 74-year-old woman referred by her GP because of increasing weight loss, early...

    Correct

    • A 74-year-old woman referred by her GP because of increasing weight loss, early satiety and increasing anorexia. She admits to 2 or 3 episodes of vomiting blood. The GP feels an epigastric mass. There is both a microcytic anaemia and abnormal liver enzymes. Her past history, which may be of importance, includes excess consumption of sherry and spirits, and a 30 pack-year smoking history. Which diagnosis fits best with this clinical picture?

      Your Answer: Gastric carcinoma

      Explanation:

      With a clinical history of weight loss, smoking, drinking alcohol, and hematemesis, the most likely answer is gastric carcinoma (also a mass). Based on symptomatology alone this is more likely than gastric lymphoma, as she has many risk factors for adenocarcinoma and/or squamous cell carcinoma. Helicobacter gastritis would not likely present with the severity of symptoms, neither would benign gastric ulcers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      34.6
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  • Question 4 - A 36-year-old man is being investigated for recurrent gastric and duodenal ulceration diagnosed...

    Correct

    • A 36-year-old man is being investigated for recurrent gastric and duodenal ulceration diagnosed at endoscopy. He has suffered from bouts of abdominal pain and intermittent diarrhoea although his weight is stable. Some of his investigations results are: Basal acid secretion 20 mEq/h (1–5), Fasting gastrin 200 pg/ml (<100), Secretin test: Basal gastrin 200pg/ml, Post-secretin 500pg/ml. Which of the following are responsible for the elevated gastrin levels?

      Your Answer: Gastrinoma

      Explanation:

      This case describes Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is characterized by refractory peptic ulcer disease, often multiple ulcers. This is typically caused by secretion of gastrin from a gastrinoma, a neuroendocrine tumour. The most common site of ulceration is the duodenum. A symptom of a pancreatic gastrinoma may be steatorrhea from hypersecretion of gastrin. Serum gastrin levels > 1000 and a pH < 2 are diagnostic of pancreatic gastrinoma. The secretin test is a test that can differentiate gastrinoma from other causes of high gastrin levels. Gastrin will rise after secretin injection if the patient has a gastrinoma.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      36.7
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  • Question 5 - Which of the following forms of acute viral hepatitis has a much higher...

    Correct

    • Which of the following forms of acute viral hepatitis has a much higher mortality in pregnant than non-pregnant females?

      Your Answer: Hepatitis E

      Explanation:

      Pregnant patient in a third world country with hepatitis: The answer is most likely Hepatitis E. The mortality for Hepatitis E in pregnant women is very high. It is transmitted faecal-orally. There is no hepatitis G. Hepatitis C, B, A are less likely to be the correct answer than E given it’s classic association with pregnancy and poor living conditions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      8.6
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  • Question 6 - Which of the following stimulates bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas and liver? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following stimulates bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas and liver?

      Your Answer: Secretin

      Explanation:

      Secretin stimulates bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas and liver. VIP induces relaxation of the stomach and gallbladder, secretion of water into pancreatic juice/ bile, and inhibits gastric acid secretion/absorption. CCK classically stimulates gallbladder contraction and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi. Gastrin stimulates the secretion of HCl by parietal cells in the stomach. Motilin, as the name suggests, increases motility.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      6.8
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  • Question 7 - A 32-year-old lady, known with a history of Type 1 diabetes presents to...

    Incorrect

    • A 32-year-old lady, known with a history of Type 1 diabetes presents to the clinic with increasing tiredness, mild upper abdominal discomfort and itching. The GP has arranged some investigations prior to her clinic visit. Investigations; Hb 13.2 g/dL, WCC 5.0 x109/L, PLT 240 x109/L, Na+ 140 mmol/L, K+ 4.9 mmol/L, Creatinine 90 μmol/L, HbA1c 8.3%, Anti-Smooth muscle antibody: positive, Immunoglobulins increased. Which of the following would be the next appropriate investigation?

      Your Answer: Hepatic USS

      Correct Answer: Liver function testing

      Explanation:

      The key to this question is anti-smooth muscle antibodies. This is a finding of autoimmune hepatitis, which can be seen in type I diabetics. This also fits with her clinical picture. If you know these two facts, you should get every question correct regarding autoimmune hepatitis. Liver function testing is the best answer, then and should be elevated to indicate inflammation of the liver. Hepatic US, CK, thyroid function testing, short synacthen test are not helpful in the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      49.9
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  • Question 8 - A 62-year-old female with a history of COPD and hypertension presents with pain...

    Correct

    • A 62-year-old female with a history of COPD and hypertension presents with pain on swallowing. Current medication includes a salbutamol and becotide inhaler, bendrofluazide and amlodipine. What is the most likely cause of the presentation?

      Your Answer: Oesophageal candidiasis

      Explanation:

      The history gives you a woman who is on inhaled steroid therapy. It is always a good idea for patients to rinse their mouths well after using inhaled steroids. Odynophagia (pain on swallowing) is a symptom of oesophageal candidiasis, which is the most likely answer given the steroids. Typically, you might see this in someone who is immunocompromised (classically, in HIV+ patients).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      34.9
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  • Question 9 - A 34-year-old HIV positive man is referred to gastroenterology due to jaundiced sclera....

    Incorrect

    • A 34-year-old HIV positive man is referred to gastroenterology due to jaundiced sclera. Liver function tests are as follows: Albumin 34 g/l ALP 540 iu/l Bilirubin 67 µmol/L, ALT 45 iu/l What is the most likely diagnosis?

      Your Answer: Hepatic abscess

      Correct Answer: Sclerosing cholangitis

      Explanation:

      HIV can cause strictures in the biliary tract (see source for details of the disease). This makes the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis most likely given the clinical presentation and lab values. Due to its association with HIV this is more likely than all of the other answer choices. Know this association.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      40.5
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  • Question 10 - A 62-year-old woman with scleroderma and Reynaud’s phenomenon complains of weight loss and...

    Correct

    • A 62-year-old woman with scleroderma and Reynaud’s phenomenon complains of weight loss and has been referred for an opinion. Gastrointestinal associations of progressive systemic sclerosis include which of the following?

      Your Answer: Oesophageal stricture

      Explanation:

      Oesophageal stricture is a complication of systemic sclerosis, think of the oesophagus as sclerosing (fibrosing) leading to stricture and you never forget. Based on the clinical presentation of systemic sclerosis this is more likely than pancreatic dysfunction, PSC, lymphoma, or diverticulitis. Additionally, CREST syndrome stands for: calcinosis cutis, Raynaud’s phenomenon (which the patient has), oesophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasias), this is a form of systemic sclerosis you should be familiar with.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      30
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  • Question 11 - A 28-year-old man who is admitted with bright red haematemesis, which occurred after...

    Correct

    • A 28-year-old man who is admitted with bright red haematemesis, which occurred after a bout of vomiting. He had been out with friends on a stag party and consumed 12 pints of beer. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy proves unremarkable and haemoglobin (Hb) is stable at 12.5 g/dl the morning after admission, there is no sign of circulatory compromise. There have been no previous similar episodes. Which of the following stems represents the best course of action for this patient?

      Your Answer: Send home

      Explanation:

      This is a classic clinical presentation, with alcohol intake and nausea/vomiting that leads to hematemesis, of a Mallory-Weiss tear. In Mallory-Weiss tear, they typically present as a hemodynamically stable patient after a night of binge drinking and excessive resultant vomiting. Given his EGD did not show any other pathology and he is now stable, he can be discharged home.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      36
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  • Question 12 - A 25-year-old man presents with bloody diarrhoea associated with systemic upset. Blood tests...

    Incorrect

    • A 25-year-old man presents with bloody diarrhoea associated with systemic upset. Blood tests show the following: Hb 13.4 g/dL, Platelets 467 * 109/L, WBC 8.2 * 109/L, CRP 89 mg/l A diagnosis of ulcerative colitis is suspected. Which part of the bowel is most likely to be affected?

      Your Answer: Sigmoid colon

      Correct Answer: Rectum

      Explanation:

      The most COMMON site of inflammation from ulcerative colitis is the rectum, making this the correct answer. This is simply a fact you need to memorize. In general, ulcerative colitis only occurs in colorectal regions– nothing in the small bowel (unless there is backwash into the terminal ileum) and nothing further up the GI tract. In Crohn’s it can affect the entire GI tract from mouth to anus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 13 - A 42-year-old man presented with bloody diarrhoea and weight loss. Which one of...

    Incorrect

    • A 42-year-old man presented with bloody diarrhoea and weight loss. Which one of the following would favour the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease on rectal biopsy?

      Your Answer: Crypt abscesses

      Correct Answer: Patchy inflammation

      Explanation:

      The correct answer is patchy inflammation. Superficial ulceration as well as non-patchy inflammation are seen in ulcerative colitis (UC) in the colon and rectum; you would expect to see transmural inflammation in Crohn’s disease and it can be patchy and located anywhere from mouth to anus. Crypt distortion and crypt abscesses are seen in both UC and Crohn’s, however they are more common in ulcerative colitis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      14.2
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  • Question 14 - A 17-year-old boy presents with a 2 day history of colicky abdominal pain,...

    Incorrect

    • A 17-year-old boy presents with a 2 day history of colicky abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea. He has been passing blood mixed with diarrhoea. He has no significant past medical history and takes no regular medication. On examination he is pyrexial and clinically dehydrated. Cardiorespiratory and abdominal examinations are normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?

      Your Answer: Viral gastroenteritis

      Correct Answer: Campylobacter infection

      Explanation:

      The patient has bloody diarrhoea that sounds like a food poisoning in the clinical scenario. Campylobacter is the most common cause of this in the United Kingdom. This is then followed by Salmonella and Shigella. The symptoms are usually self limiting. This is more likely to be bacterial from the food than a viral gastroenteritis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      50.2
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  • Question 15 - A 47-year-old man with a history of alcohol induced liver disease is admitted...

    Incorrect

    • A 47-year-old man with a history of alcohol induced liver disease is admitted to the gastroenterology ward. He has developed tense ascites again and a plan is made to site an ascitic drain. His renal function after 2 days is as follows: Na+ 131 mmol/L, K+ 3.8 mmol/L, Urea 12.2 mmol/L, Creatinine 205 µmol/L, Which of the following pathophysiological changes is most likely to be responsible for the declining renal function?

      Your Answer: Splanchnic vasoconstriction

      Correct Answer: Splanchnic vasodilation

      Explanation:

      Hepatorenal syndrome is renal vasoconstriction that cannot overcome the effects of splanchnic vasodilation. Vasoactive mediators cause this splanchnic vasodilation, reducing SVR, which is sensed by the juxtaglomerular apparatus, activating the RAAS system, leading to renal vasoconstriction. However, the overall splanchnic vasodilation effect is greater than this renal vasoconstriction effect.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      41.7
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  • Question 16 - A 54-year-old female presents with fatigue and xerostomia. Bloods tests reveal the following:...

    Incorrect

    • A 54-year-old female presents with fatigue and xerostomia. Bloods tests reveal the following: Hb 13.9 g/dL, WBC 6.1 *109/L, Platelets 246 *109/L, Bilirubin 33 µmol/L, ALP 292 u/l ALT 47 u/l What is the most likely diagnosis?

      Your Answer: Autoimmune hepatitis

      Correct Answer: Primary biliary cirrhosis

      Explanation:

      With a bilirubin of 33, automatically the diagnosis from the choices listed is primary biliary cirrhosis or autoimmune hepatitis, not SLE, mono, or Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome. With autoimmune hepatitis, however, you would not expect such a high bilirubin and would expect very high AST/ALT, which here is just mildly elevated. This makes primary biliary cirrhosis the most likely answer. The classic presentation is itching in a middle-aged woman. The dry mouth is likely due to Sicca Syndrome, which occurs in 70% of cases of PBC, but with these liver function tests, PBC is most the likely answer.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      95.6
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  • Question 17 - A 57-year-old school teacher is found to have abnormal liver function tests at...

    Incorrect

    • A 57-year-old school teacher is found to have abnormal liver function tests at a health screening. Other than tiredness and occasional gritty eyes that she attributes to age, she is well. She is postmenopausal and takes hormone replacement therapy (HRT) but no other medication. She smokes 12 cigarettes per day but takes no alcohol. There is nothing to find on examination. Some of her blood results are shown below: Albumin 40 g/l (37–49) Alanine aminotransferase(ALT) 14 U/l (5–35) Alkaline Phosphatase 300 U/l (45–105) AMA positive >1:40 Anti-dsDNA weakly positive Bilirubin 12 μmol/l (1–22) High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol 4.0 mmol/l (>1.55) Liver–kidney microsomal antibody (anti-LKM) negative Liver transaminase (AST) 10 U/l (1–31) Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol 4.0 mmol/l (<3.36) Plasma thromboplastin (PT) 12 s (11.5–15.5) Smooth muscle antibody (SMA) negative Which of the following would be an appropriate next step?

      Your Answer: Liver biopsy

      Correct Answer: Ursodeoxycholic acid

      Explanation:

      The patient is AMA+ and weakly + for anti-dsDNA, suggesting an autoimmune process. She also has gritty eyes, which makes you think Sjogren’s syndrome. She has an elevated ALP and normal AST/ ALT. All of these factors, in addition to her middle age and the fact that she is a woman, make the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) most likely. It is associated with conditions (autoimmune) such as Sjogren’s syndrome. The treatment for this disease initially is ursodeoxycholic acid. Liver transplantation is the definitive treatment for end-stage disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      79.8
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  • Question 18 - If a patient has HIV what is the most likely cause of persistent...

    Incorrect

    • If a patient has HIV what is the most likely cause of persistent watery diarrhoea?

      Your Answer: Salmonella

      Correct Answer: Cryptosporidium

      Explanation:

      When you have a patient with HIV and diarrhoea on the exam, think Cryptosporidium. In those who are immunocompetent this organism doesn’t usually cause symptoms, but in immunocompromised people like those with HIV, it causes infection and diarrhoea. Typically those with CD4 counts of <100 cells/µL1 have the greatest risk for prolonged, severe, or extraintestinal cryptosporidiosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      17.8
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  • Question 19 - A 32-year-old woman was referred for endoscopy and found to have a duodenal...

    Correct

    • A 32-year-old woman was referred for endoscopy and found to have a duodenal ulcer and a positive urease test. She was given lansoprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin for 7 days. Which of the following is the most appropriate way of determining the successful eradication of H. pylori?

      Your Answer: Urea breath test

      Explanation:

      Urea breath test is the most sensitive test to determine if there has been RESOLUTION/ERADICATION of the infection with H. pylori. The best test for initial diagnosis would be EGD with biopsy.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      16.9
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  • Question 20 - A 28-year-old woman attends for review. She has a past history of a...

    Correct

    • A 28-year-old woman attends for review. She has a past history of a perianal abscess but nothing else of note. During the past few months she has twice presented to A&E complaining of grumbling abdominal pain. In addition, she has suffered intermittent episodes of bloody diarrhoea. Microcytic anaemia is found on blood testing and she has mild hypokalaemia. Albumin is reduced but other liver function tests are unremarkable. Barium imaging reveals a small bowel stricture with evidence of mucosal ulceration extending into the colon, interspersed with normal looking mucosa ‘skipping’. Given this clinical picture, which is the most likely diagnosis?

      Your Answer: Crohn’s disease

      Explanation:

      The correct answer based on the clinical scenario is Crohn’s disease. Associated with this disease are abscesses and fistulas in the anorectal region, skip lesions, cobble stoning, stricturing, granulomas, and crypt distortion. The other answer choices are not correct. How to rule out ulcerative colitis: it only involves ileocolorectal regions, and this is above that level. You will not see crypt distortion and cobble stoning; it is a more superficial process.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 21 - A 45-year-old female develops profuse watery diarrhoea with lower abdominal pain seven days...

    Incorrect

    • A 45-year-old female develops profuse watery diarrhoea with lower abdominal pain seven days after undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. What is the most likely diagnosis?

      Your Answer: Campylobacter gastroenteritis

      Correct Answer: Pseudomembranous colitis

      Explanation:

      Pseudomembranous colitis is caused by a C. difficile infection that causes membranes to form on the colon wall. It is caused most commonly by broad-spectrum antibiotics. This would include cephalosporins, broad-spectrum penicillin, and clindamycin. Macrolides and quinolones have also been reported as potential aetiologies, but much less commonly. This woman would have received antibiotics prophylactically before her surgery, predisposing her to a possible c difficile infection. This is a much better answer choice than pseudo obstruction, abdominal sepsis, bile acid diarrhoea, and campylobacter gastroenteritis simply based on history of present illness.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      79.3
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  • Question 22 - A 54-year-old plumber presents with general deterioration. He drinks approximately 25 units of...

    Incorrect

    • A 54-year-old plumber presents with general deterioration. He drinks approximately 25 units of alcohol each week and is a smoker of five cigarettes daily. Examination reveals that he is jaundiced, has numerous spider naevi on his chest and he has a temperature of 37.2°C. Abdominal examination reveals hepato-splenomegaly. Investigations reveal: Bilirubin 100 micromol/L (1-22), Alkaline phosphatase 310 iu/l (45 – 105), ALT 198 iu/l (5 – 35), AST 158 iu/l (1 – 31), Albumin 25 g/L (37 – 49), Hepatitis B virus surface antigen positive, Hepatitis B virus e antigen negative, Hepatitis B virus DNA awaited. What is the most likely diagnosis?

      Your Answer: Alcoholic liver disease

      Correct Answer: Chronic hepatitis B infection

      Explanation:

      The clinical scenario describes a man in liver failure. Given the serological results, he is most likely to have a chronic hepatitis B infection. In chronic hepatitis B infection, you have +HBsAg, +anti-HBc, (-)IgM antiHBc, and (-) anti-HBs. In acute hepatitis B infection, you have +HBsAg, +anti-HBc, +IgM anti-HBc, and negative anti-HBs. in immunity due to natural infection, you have negative HBsAg, +anti-HBc, and + anti-HBs. In immunity due to vaccination, you have negative HBsAg, negative anti-HBc, and positive anti-HBs. While he could have a superimposed hepatitis D infection on top of hepatitis B, there is no mention of hepatitis D serology, make this an incorrect answer. The other choices do not involve hepatitis serologies.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 23 - A 29-year-old woman presents to clinic complaining of intermittent diarrhoea and constipation. Full...

    Incorrect

    • A 29-year-old woman presents to clinic complaining of intermittent diarrhoea and constipation. Full blood count and viscosity were normal. Flexible sigmoidoscopy was unremarkable. What is the next most appropriate management step?

      Your Answer: Caffeine supplementation

      Correct Answer: High-fibre diet

      Explanation:

      This is most likely describing irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Symptoms are either diarrhoea, constipation, or both, abdominal pain, bloating, with various durations. It is a functional, not organic, problem, as far as research shows at this point. It is essentially a diagnosis of exclusion. Treatment is a high fibre diet with fluids. Caffeine should be avoided as this can worsen symptoms. Full colonoscopy is not warranted at this time, neither is a barium enema. A wheat-free diet is not likely to help as there is no evidence they have an allergy to this.

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      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 24 - Which of the following stimulates the secretion of gastrin? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following stimulates the secretion of gastrin?

      Your Answer: Amino acids

      Explanation:

      Gastrin is released from G cells in the antrum of the stomach after a meal. It stimulates parietal cells to release HCl. Gastrin is stimulated by a number of things: antrum distention, vagal stimulation, peptides (especially amino acids) in the stomach, hypercalcemia. Gastrin release is inhibited by acid, SST, GIP, VIP, secretin, glucagon, and calcitonin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      32.2
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  • Question 25 - An 18 year old prospective medical student is tested for hepatitis B. Her...

    Incorrect

    • An 18 year old prospective medical student is tested for hepatitis B. Her liver tests show alanine transaminase (ALT) 120 U/L and serology shows her to be positive for HBsAg, HBcAb and HBeAg, with a viral load of 105 genome equivalents/mL. A liver biopsy is reported as showing early fibrosis with evidence of moderate inflammation. Which of the following treatments should be offered?

      Your Answer: Interferon beta

      Correct Answer: Interferon alfa 2b

      Explanation:

      Interferon alfa alone, not interferon alfa and ribavirin, has been shown to achieve HBeAg seroconversion for patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 26 - A baby is born to a mother who is known to have chronic...

    Correct

    • A baby is born to a mother who is known to have chronic hepatitis B. The mothers latest results are as follows: HBsAg: Positive, HBeAg: Positive. What is the most appropriate strategy for reducing the vertical transmission rate?

      Your Answer: Give the newborn hepatitis B vaccine + hepatitis B immunoglobulin

      Explanation:

      The Green Book guidelines report in an active infection (HBeAg+ and HBsAg+) to give the vaccine as well as immunoglobulin. If antibodies are present it is not active infection (anti-Hbe) and then in that case only the vaccine, and no immunoglobulin, would be given. The presence of HBeAg means a person is infectious and can transmit to other people.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 27 - A 35-year-old gentleman with a history of alcohol excess presents to hospital with...

    Incorrect

    • A 35-year-old gentleman with a history of alcohol excess presents to hospital with progressive abdominal distension. He now complains of early satiety and abdominal discomfort as a result of the distension. Examination reveals a significantly distended abdomen with shifting dullness. A diagnostic ascitic tap is performed and the fluid sent for analysis. What is the most appropriate first line treatment for his ascites?

      Your Answer: Spironolactone

      Correct Answer: Paracentesis

      Explanation:

      The first line treatment for ascites that is symptomatic is paracentesis. If it is not symptomatic, treatment could be with salt and fluid restriction as well as spironolactone. If spironolactone maximum dosage is reached, you can use furosemide additionally. Amiloride is not a diuretic that is recommended in this case.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      12
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  • Question 28 - A 16-year-old female presents with a two day history of right iliac fossa...

    Incorrect

    • A 16-year-old female presents with a two day history of right iliac fossa pain, nausea and loss of appetite. You suspect that she has acute appendicitis. Which scoring system could you use to lend support to your diagnosis?

      Your Answer: MELD score

      Correct Answer: Alvarado score

      Explanation:

      The prompt is suggestive of acute appendicitis. The Alvarado score is a clinical scoring system used to determine the likelihood of appendicitis, so this is the correct answer. A score greater than 6 is generally considered at risk for having acute appendicitis. It has 8 different criteria included (symptoms, signs, and lab results) and divides patients into appendicitis unlikely, possible, probable, and definite. The Center Score is a score to access the likelihood that pharyngitis is due to Strep. The Child-Pugh score predicts prognosis in liver cirrhosis. The Glasgow score is two different scores– the Glasgow coma score in trauma, which estimates level of consciousness, essentially, and The Glasgow Imrie Criteria which determines the severity of acute pancreatitis based on 8 lab values. The MELD score predicts the severity of end-stage liver disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 29 - A 60-year-old man with known ulcerative colitis and diverticular disease comes to clinic...

    Correct

    • A 60-year-old man with known ulcerative colitis and diverticular disease comes to clinic complaining of passing faeces per urethra. Cystoscopy confirms a fistula between his bladder and bowel. Which treatment is most likely to be effective?

      Your Answer: surgery

      Explanation:

      The best treatment for a colovesicular fistula is surgery. This is the only definitive treatment. If the patient is a poor surgical candidate, there can be an attempt to manage them non-operatively, but this is absolutely NOT the MOST EFFECTIVE therapy.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      49.1
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  • Question 30 - A 55-year-old male is admitted with vomiting. He has a long history of...

    Incorrect

    • A 55-year-old male is admitted with vomiting. He has a long history of alcohol abuse, appears slightly jaundiced and is dishevelled and unkempt. He was started on an intravenous glucose infusion and diazepam and he symptomatically improved. One day later he becomes confused, develops vomiting, diplopia and is unable to stand. What is the most likely diagnosis?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Vitamin B deficiency

      Explanation:

      The most likely diagnosis is Wernicke’s encephalopathy. This presents in a long time alcoholic from vitamin BI deficiency. Symptoms include confusion and confabulation, oculomotor symptoms/signs, and ataxia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Gastroenterology (13/29) 45%
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