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Question 1
Correct
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A 50-year-old female presents with a complaint of bloating and abdominal distension. History reveals she underwent hysterectomy 3 months ago. Which investigation should be carried out in this case?
Your Answer: Plain X-ray abdomen
Explanation:A complication of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and hysterectomy is the formation of adhesions in the GIT that can cause intestinal obstruction. Abdominal X-ray is sufficient to visualize any obstruction in the GIT.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gynaecology
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Question 2
Incorrect
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A 60-year old male presented to the OPD with a complaint of a rusty-coloured sputum along with a cough for 3 days. His has a history of smoking for 40 years, and a history of significant weight loss. His chest X-ray revealed solid nodules in both lungs and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. Out of the following, which one is the most appropriate investigation?
Your Answer: CT
Correct Answer: LN biopsy
Explanation:The patient’s age, a history of long-term smoking, and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy are strong indications of malignancy. Lymph node biopsy would be essential in order to check the degree of metastasis in the mediastinal lymph nodes.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Respiratory
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Question 3
Incorrect
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An 8 year old boy is admitted to the ward with renal colic. Family history is significant for similar renal calculi in his mother. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this recurrent colic in both mother and child?
Your Answer: Hyperoxaluria
Correct Answer: Idiopathic hypercalciuria
Explanation:Idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) is the commonest metabolic abnormality in patients with calcium kidney stones. It is characterized by normocalcemia, absence of diseases that cause increased urine calcium, and calcium excretion that is above 250 mg/day in women and 300 mg/day in men. Subjects with IH have a generalized increase in calcium turnover, which includes increased gut calcium absorption, decreased renal calcium reabsorption, and a tendency to lose calcium from bone. Despite the increase in intestinal calcium absorption, negative calcium balance is commonly seen in balance studies, especially on a low calcium diet. The mediator of decreased renal calcium reabsorption is not clear; it is not associated with either an increase in filtered load of calcium or altered PTH levels. There is an increased incidence of hypercalciuria in first-degree relatives of those with IH, but IH appears to be a complex polygenic trait with a large contribution from diet to expression of increased calcium excretion. Increased tissue vitamin D response may be responsible for the manifestations of IH in at least some patients.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Renal
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Question 4
Incorrect
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A 33 year old lady presented with complaints of an erythematous rash over her shins, along with arthritis and painful swollen knees. What will be the single most likely finding on her chest X-ray?
Your Answer: Apical granuloma
Correct Answer: Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
Explanation:Lofgren’s syndrome is characterised by a triad of erythema nodosum, arthritis and bilateral lymphadenopathy. It is a variant of sarcoidosis.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Respiratory
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Question 5
Incorrect
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An 8 year old boy was admitted following a MVA. His BMI is 28 kb/m2 and he's been found to have glycosuria, which resolved after his recovery. Which investigation is necessary to perform as part of the follow-up?
Your Answer: Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c)
Correct Answer: Fasting blood glucose concentration
Explanation:The boy has an increased BMI which implies he is overweight. Possible trauma to his pancreas might have led to a diabetes-like condition, induced by damage to the beta cells. Fasting blood glucose should be measured as a follow-up strategy to see if the damage is reversible or irreversible and to conclude if the glycosuria is related to his metabolic profile or to his accident.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Child Health
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Question 6
Correct
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A 12 year old boy with type I diabetes was reluctant to go to school. According to him, he was unhappy at the school. Which of the following is the next appropriate step?
Your Answer: Clinical psychologist
Explanation:The child’s problem should be assessed properly to find the reason for unhappiness at the school. There can be many reasons such as bullying at school, abuse etc. A clinical psychologist should assess this child to take the necessary details and plan the further management.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Child Health
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Question 7
Correct
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A 40-year-old man presents with periorbital and pedal oedema. 24h urine shows 9g of protein/d and serum cholesterol of 7mmol/L. What would be the most likely diagnosis?
Your Answer: Membranous glomerulonephropathy
Explanation:Membranous glomerulonephritis . However some authors believe FSGS a more commoner cause of nephrotic syndrome.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Renal
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Question 8
Correct
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A Blood group A-ve mother gives birth to a baby who develops severe jaundice within the first 24 hours of delivery. What is the most probable diagnosis?
Your Answer: Rh incompatibility
Explanation:Jaundice is considered pathologic if it presents within the first 24 hours after birth. Although up to 60 percent of term new-borns have clinical jaundice in the first week of life, few have significant underlying disease.1,2 However, hyperbilirubinemia in the new-born period can be associated with severe illnesses such as haemolytic disease, metabolic and endocrine disorders, anatomic abnormalities of the liver, and infections. The risk factors here is the mothers blood ground which suggests the cause is fetal-maternal blood group incompatibility.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Child Health
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Question 9
Correct
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A 37-year-old woman known with ulcerative colitis is referred with a microcytic anaemia. Blood tests reveal the following results:Hb 88 g/L (120-160) WCC 3.6 ×109/L (4-11) Platelets 222 ×109/L (150-400) MCV 70 fL (80-96) Haptoglobins <0.04 g/L (0.13-1.63) Lactate dehydrogenase 850 U/L (100-250) Bilirubin 68 µmol/L (1-22) Alkaline phosphatase 100 U/L (45-105) ALT 23 U/L (5-40) Which investigation would confirm the underlying diagnosis?
Your Answer: Direct Coombs' test
Explanation:This a case of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia which is a rare complication of the less used treatment, salazopyrine, used for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A direct Coombs’ test looks for erythrocytes already coated with antibody, whereas the indirect test is used to detect potential red cell antibody interactions floating around in the blood.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Colorectal
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Question 10
Correct
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A 32 year old woman presents with a history of breathlessness and pyrexia. She's been diagnosed with eczema and tuberculosis (TB). The following findings were established: pre-broncho-dilator test=2/3.5, post-broncho-dilator=3/3.7. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Your Answer: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Explanation:The clinical picture of the patient together with paraclinical investigations (spirometry) suggest COPD.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Respiratory
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Question 11
Correct
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A 3-year-old was brought to the ED after falling from his mothers arms. The mother reports hearing a popping sound when his face hit the floor. Examination revealed swelling and bruising on the right mandible. Which of the following investigations should be ordered next?
Your Answer: Facial X ray
Explanation:The swelling and bruising on the mandible needs to be checked for fractures. A facial X-ray can adequately visualize this.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- ENT
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Question 12
Incorrect
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A COPD patient presented with shortness of breath, a cough and wheezing. He didn't respond to salbutamol, IV hydrocortisone or oxygen therapy. Following this initial treatment, he was given IV aminophylline and atem+ventolin nebulization. ABGs showed an acidotic pH. The next step in management would be?
Your Answer: Intubation and ventilation
Correct Answer: Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation
Explanation:Nasal IPPV is given to the patients when all other techniques have failed. It is a non invasive procedure to improve the oxygenation of the patients suffering from lung disease.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Respiratory
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Question 13
Correct
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A 70-year-old male presented in the OPD with a complaint of abdominal pain and blood in his stools for the last two days. He reports that the stools are black in colour and sometimes accompanied by fresh blood. There is also a history of significant weight loss. Blood tests revealed elevated CA 19-9. What is the patient most likely suffering from?
Your Answer: Colorectal carcinoma
Explanation:The patient’s symptoms along with his age indicates a diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Blood test marker CA-19-9 is a prognostic index for colorectal cancer which confirms the suspicion.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Colorectal
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Question 14
Correct
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A 32-year-old male presents following a car accident. He has a swollen foot, with loss of sensation in the space between the 3rd metatarsal and big toe and foot tenderness. In addition, his dorsalis pedis is not palpable. Which is the most probable diagnosis?
Your Answer: Compartment syndrome
Explanation:Acute compartment syndrome results from severe high pressure in the compartment with concomitant insufficient blood supply to the tissue involved. Acute compartment syndrome is a surgical emergency that can lead to severe impairment of the function of the affected limb, if left untreated.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Musculoskeletal
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Question 15
Incorrect
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A 56 year old male has presented with visual loss on his left side and a history of right sided weakness. Where is the occlusion in this patient?
Your Answer: Mid cerebral artery
Correct Answer: Carotid artery
Explanation:The carotid artery divides itself into two parts: the internal carotid and the external carotid. The internal carotid continues down as the middle cerebral and gives rise to the ophthalmic branch. For this reason, middle cerebral occlusion may give rise to partial visual loss but not complete mono-ocular blindness. Middle cerebral artery occlusion causes paralysis or weakness of contralateral face and arm (faciobracheal). It also causes sensory loss of the contralateral face and arm. Anterior cerebral artery occlusion causes paralysis or weakness of the contralateral foot and leg. Again, sensory loss is experienced at the contralateral foot and leg.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Seriously Ill
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Question 16
Correct
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A 3-year-old child choked on a foreign object, which was removed at the hospital. The parents are now asking for advice on how to manage future occurrences at home. What do you advise?
Your Answer: Turn the child on his back and give thumps
Explanation:Give up to five back blows: hit them firmly on their back between the shoulder blades. Back blows create a strong vibration and pressure in the airway, which is often enough to dislodge the blockage.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Child Health
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Question 17
Correct
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Which statement regarding the abdominal planes is the most accurate?
Your Answer: The transpyloric plane lies halfway between the xiphoid and the symphysis pubis.
Explanation:The transpyloric plane, also known as Addison’s plane, is an imaginary horizontal plane, located halfway between the suprasternal notch of the manubrium and the upper border of the symphysis pubis at the level of the first lumbar vertebrae, L1.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Surgery
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Question 18
Correct
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A 45 year old known asthmatic was admitted with acute severe asthma and was treated with nebulised salbutamol, ipratropium and bromide, along with 100% oxygen therapy. He was also given IV hydrocortisone, however there was no significant improvement. What would be the next step in management of this patient?
Your Answer: IV Aminophylline
Explanation:Aminophylline is a very effective bronchodilator. It is short acting and therefore very effective in acute scenarios.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Respiratory
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Question 19
Correct
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A 71 year old woman presents with dyspnoea and unsteadiness. She's known to suffer from epilepsy and is managed on carbamazepine. Blood exams are as follows: MCV=70, Hb=8.5, WBC=2, Neutrophils=1, Platelets=50. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Your Answer: Aplastic anaemia
Explanation:The results of the blood exam are suggestive of aplastic anaemia which might be secondary to carbamazepine use. The use of antiepileptic’s, in particular carbamazepine and valproate, is associated with a nine fold increased risk of aplastic anaemia.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Haematology
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Question 20
Correct
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A 22 year old man is being evaluated for chronic lower backache. Which of the following would most strongly point towards the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis?
Your Answer: Reduced lateral flexion of the lumbar spine
Explanation:Ankylosing spondylitis (spondylarthritis) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the axial skeleton that leads to partial or even complete fusion and rigidity of the spine. Males are disproportionately affected and upwards of 90% of patients are positive for the HLA-B27 genotype, which predisposes to the disease. The most characteristic early finding is pain and stiffness in the neck and lower back, caused by inflammation of the vertebral column and the sacroiliac joints. The pain typically improves with activity and is especially prominent at night. Other articular findings include tenderness to percussion and displacement of the sacroiliac joints (Mennell’s sign), as well as limited spine mobility, which can progress to restrictive pulmonary disease.
The most common extra-articular manifestation is acute, unilateral anterior uveitis. Diagnosis is primarily based on symptoms and x-ray of the sacroiliac joints, with HLA-B27 testing and MRI reserved for inconclusive cases. There is no curative treatment, but regular physiotherapy can slow progression of the disease. Additionally, NSAIDs and/or tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitors may improve symptoms. In severe cases, surgery may be considered to improve quality of life. The spine adopts a bamboo shape, not lordosis. The pain usually improves as the day progresses. leg raise test causes pain in cases of meningitis etc not in this case. -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Rheumatology
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Question 21
Correct
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A 28 year old woman presents to the physician with a right upper quadrant pain. She had pre-eclampsia and was delivered by C-section recently. The pain is not originating from the C-section wound. Which investigation would you immediately like to send for?
Your Answer: Liver function tests
Explanation:Right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain is a common complaint that typically stimulates a workup of the hepatobiliary system. Preeclampsia may result in damage to the kidneys, liver, lung, heart, or eyes, and may cause a stroke or other brain injury. The amount of injury to other organs depends on the severity of preeclampsia. Thus in this case considering the history of preeclampsia and RUQ pain, the liver should be assessed.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Mental Health
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Question 22
Correct
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A 65-year-old female presented with episodes of unilateral blindness, which spontaneously resolved. Her cardiovascular examination was normal. What is the single most appropriate investigation that can be performed to arrive at a diagnosis?
Your Answer: Carotid duplex ultrasonography
Explanation:Amaurosis fugax (transient ipsilateral visual loss) and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are presentations of atherosclerotic disease of the carotid artery which can be identified by carotid duplex ultrasonography (US), with or without colour, which is the screening test of choice to evaluate for carotid stenosis.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Neurology
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Question 23
Incorrect
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A 38-year-old woman returns from a summer holiday with a dry cough. Her CXR shows bilateral consolidated areas. Which antibiotic would you suggest?
Your Answer: Clarithromycin
Correct Answer: Ciprofloxacin
Explanation:Ciprofloxacin is a well-established broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic that penetrates well into the lung tissues.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Infectious Diseases
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Question 24
Correct
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An 8-week-old baby was found to have bilateral cataracts. Further investigation revealed thrombocytopenia, a patent ductus arteriosus and hepatosplenomegaly. Which of the following is the most probable diagnosis?
Your Answer: Rubella
Explanation:The clinical presentation is suggestive of congenital rubella syndrome. The classic triad of presenting symptoms includes sensorineural hearing loss, ocular abnormalities (cataract, infantile glaucoma, and pigmentary retinopathy) and congenital heart disease (patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary artery stenosis). Other findings in congenital rubella syndrome include CNS abnormalities (mental retardation, behavioural disorders, encephalographic abnormalities, hypotonia, meningoencephalitis, and microcephaly), hepatosplenomegaly, and jaundice.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Infectious Diseases
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Question 25
Correct
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A 25-year-old man is complaining of respiratory distress and chest pain. Examination reveals distention of neck veins, hypotension, and tachycardia. His breathing sounds on the left side are diminished and absent on the right side. The trachea is also deviated to the left side. What is the next appropriate immediate management?
Your Answer: Right needle thoracostomy
Explanation:The patient history suggests a tension pneumothorax which is a life-threatening situation in which excess air is introduced into the pleural space surrounding the lung. When there is a significant amount of air trapped in the pleural cavity, the increasing pressure from this abnormal air causes the lung to shrink and collapse, leading to respiratory distress. This pressure also pushes the mediastinum (including the heart and great vessels) away from its central position, e.g. deviated trachea, and diminishing the cardiac output. Tension pneumothoraxes cause chest pain, extreme shortness of breath, respiratory failure, hypoxia, tachycardia, and hypotension. These are definitively managed by insertion of a chest tube. However, in the emergency setting temporizing measures are needed while chest tube materials are being gathered. In these situations, urgent needle thoracostomy (also called needle decompression) is performed.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Respiratory
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Question 26
Correct
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A 7-year-old asthmatic boy presented to the pulmonologist with an exacerbation of shortness of breath for 3 days. At the time of admission, he was still experiencing breathlessness with oxygen saturation found to be less than 90%. CXR shows bilateral hyperinflation. Which of the following should be done?
Your Answer: Arterial blood gas
Explanation:Arterial blood gas is useful for the evaluation of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange, respiratory function including hypoxia, and acid/base balance. This will quickly indicate if assisted ventilation is required for this patient.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Respiratory
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Question 27
Correct
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An 18-year-old male smoker presents with extreme rubor of the feet and missing foot pulses following an amputation of his right 2nd toe. What is the most probable diagnosis?
Your Answer: Buerger’s disease
Explanation:Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of Buerger’s disease are:
1 – smoking history
2 – onset before the age of 50 years
3 – infrapopliteal arterial occlusions
4 – either upper limb involvement or phlebitis migrans
5 – absence of atherosclerotic risk factors other than smoking Confident clinical diagnosis of Buerger’s disease may be made only when all five requirements have been fulfilled. -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Respiratory
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Question 28
Incorrect
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A 31-year-old woman complains of frequent epistaxis attacks, nasal congestion, painful sensations on one side of the face and drooping of eyelid on the same side. What is the most probable diagnosis?
Your Answer: Herpetic neuralgia
Correct Answer: Maxillary sinus carcinoma
Explanation:Malignant tumours of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses are uncommon. They constitute less than one per cent of all tumours and less than three per cent of head and neck tumours. Carcinoma of the maxillary sinus is the most common of the sinonasal malignancies. Sinus cancers signs and symptoms include nosebleeds, sense of smell reduction, or pain below the eyes.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- ENT
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Question 29
Correct
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Which of the following cancers is responsible in producing osteoblastic bone metastases instead of osteolytic?
Your Answer: Prostate adenocarcinoma
Explanation:Osteoblastic (or sclerotic) bone metastases, characterized by deposition of new bone, present in prostate cancer, carcinoid, small cell lung cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma or medulloblastoma.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Rheumatology
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Question 30
Correct
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A 40 years old man collapsed at home and died. The GP’s report says he suffered from type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and his BMI was 35. What is the most likely cause of death?
Your Answer: Myocardial infarction
Explanation:Diabetic patients usually have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular events by 2-4x that of the general population. In addition, diabetic patients are often obese and possibly have hyperlipidaemia, which are great risk factors of cardiovascular incidents.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
