A patient’s ECG is abnormal, with an abnormal broad complex QRS complexes. This means either a ventricular origin problem or aberrant conduction. The normal resting membrane potential of the heart’s ventricular contractile fibres is which of the following?
A 35-year old male is found to be bradycardic in the emergency room. His cardiac muscle will most likely stay in a prolonged phase 4 state of the cardiac action potential. During phase 4 of the cardiac action potential, which of these occurs?
Calculation of the left ventricular ejection fraction is determined by which of the following equations?
Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) can be used to investigate the function of the heart in patients with suspected heart failure. The aim is to measure the ejection fraction, but to do that, the stroke volume must first be measured. How is stroke volume calculated?
Prophylactic antibiotics are required for which of the following procedures?
The main action of atrial natriuretic peptide is:
A 30-year old lady has a sub total thyroidectomy. On the 5th post-operative day, the wound becomes erythematous and there is a purulent discharge. The most likely organism causing this is:
A 63-year old male who has heart failure has peripheral oedema and goes to the GP’s office. The GP notes that he is fluid-overloaded. This causes his atrial myocytes to release atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). ANP’s main action is by which of these mechanisms?
All of the following are causes of hypalbuminaemia except:
Which statement is true with regards to the cardiac action potential?