A 27-year-old woman is admitted to the emergency room with an ectopic pregnancy that has ruptured. The following is a description of the clinical examination: Anxious, Capillary refill time of 3 seconds, Cool peripheries, Pulse 120 beats per minute, Blood pressure 120/95 mmHg, Respiratory rate 22 breaths per minute. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these clinical findings?
Following an acute appendicectomy, a 6-year-old child is admitted to the recovery unit. Your consultant has requested that you prescribe maintenance fluids for the next 12 hours. The child is 21 kg in weight. What is the most suitable fluid volume to be prescribed?
An intravenous infusion is started with a 500 mL bag of 0.18 percent N. saline and 4% dextrose. Which of the following best describes its make-up?
During exercise, muscle blood flow can increase by 20 to 50 times. Which mechanism is the most important for increased blood flow?
A 27-year old man loses 1000ml blood after being stabbed on his thigh. The most impactful physiological response occurring at the start to combat the decline in the intravascular blood volume of this man is?
In the erect position, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli (PAO2) is higher in the apical lung units than in the basal lung units. What is the most significant reason for this?
A human’s resting oxygen consumption (VO2) is typically 3.5 ml/kg/minute (one metabolic equivalent or 1 MET). Which of the following options is linked to the highest VO2 when a person is at rest?
You’re summoned to the emergency room, where a 39-year-old man has been admitted following a cardiac arrest. He was rescued from a river, but little else is known about him. CPR is being performed on the patient, who has been intubated. He’s received three DC shocks and is still in VF. A rectal temperature of 29.5°C is taken with a low-reading thermometer. Which of the following statements about his resuscitation is correct?
A 61-year-old woman with myasthenia gravis is admitted to the ER with type II respiratory failure. There is a suspicion of myasthenic crisis. She is in a semiconscious state. Her blood pressure is 160/90 mmHg, pulse is 110 beats per minute, temperature is 37°C, and oxygen saturation is 84 percent. With a PaCO2 of 75 mmHg (10 kPa) breathing air, blood gas analysis confirms she is hypoventilating. Which of the following values is the most accurate representation of her alveolar oxygen tension (PAO2)?
Following a near drowning accident, a 5-year-old child is admitted to the emergency department and advanced paediatric life support is started. What is the child’s approximate weight, according to the preferred formulae of the Resuscitation Council (UK), the European Resuscitation Council, and the Royal College of Anaesthetists?