A study is undertaken to investigate the impact of exercise on the blood pressure of individuals over 60 years old. A random sample of individuals is tested before the intervention, and a second random sample is tested after the intervention. The results are presented in a 2 × 2 contingency table, and the reduction in blood pressure is tested with a t-test. The result of the t-test is reported as ‘t = 2.1, P = 0.04’.
Select from the list the meaning of ‘P = 0.04’.
A parent mentions she has received a letter about her child taking part in the National Child Measurement Program, where all Year 4 & Year 8 children have their Body Mass Index measured. Data is collated nationally, and used to analyse trends and inform the planning of health services. In some areas the children and parents are not routinely informed of their individual results. How might the main purpose of this initiative be described?
A Pediatrician cares for patients living in a local refugee accommodation centre. The doctor is concerned about overcrowding, as he is aware that living in overcrowded accommodation increases the risk of communicable diseases and mental illness.
Which of the following living situations is the most acceptable according to the bedroom standard?
Which option is the most effective in lowering LDL cholesterol?
A study is designed to test the null hypothesis that performing ten minutes of mindfulness daily makes no difference to improving wellbeing in elderly Primary Care staff. The General Practitioner designing the study considers the most appropriate sample size and demographics and the means of analysis, and sets the power and significance levels for the study.
Which of the following is most likely to be associated with a high statistical power in the study?
A researcher measures the height of 1000 6-year-old children. She finds that the mean height is 110 cm. She wants to calculate how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean.
Which of the following measurements would provide this information?
A study looks at the risk of myocardial infarction in 2 groups of patients with different ages. There are 1000 patients in the group aged 50 and above, and 1000 in the group aged below 50. In the group aged below 50, there were 20 myocardial infarctions, while in the group aged 50 and above there were 80 myocardial infarctions.
Select from the list the risk of a myocardial infarction in the group aged below 50.
In a study examining mortality outcomes after bariatric surgery, it was found that obese patients with type II diabetes had a lower 10-year mortality rate (RR = 0.65) compared to obese patients without diabetes (RR = 0.90). However, the study did not show a statistically significant difference between the two groups. If bariatric surgery does indeed decrease mortality more in patients with diabetes, what has this study demonstrated?
In a blinded, randomised controlled trial, two strains of bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) for intravesical use are compared for preventing recurrences of high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Review cystoscopies are conducted regularly, and at each cystoscopy, the group receiving strain A has 12% more recurrences than the group receiving strain B. The statistic being used is 1.12.
A 67-year-old man comes in for his yearly vaccinations.
Which pathogen is he most likely to receive immunisation against on an annual basis?