A study compares the effectiveness of two treatments for hypertension. The first treatment has a success rate of 75% whilst the second treatment has a success rate of 82%. What type of significance test should be used for comparing the two results?
A researcher is conducting a study that compares a new exercise program for improving cognitive function in adults over 60 with existing methods. Her null hypothesis is that there is no difference between the efficacy of the new exercise program and existing cognitive function improvement methods. After collecting sufficient data, she wants to calculate the probability of finding a statistically significant difference between the efficacy of the new exercise program and the existing methods.
Which value is this referring to?
Which one of the following would invalidate the use of the Student’s t-test when performing a significance test?
The Delphi method is utilized to assess what?
A new medication aimed at preventing outbreaks of shingles is being tested in clinical trials. One hundred participants are administered the new medication. Over a three-month period, 10 of the participants experience a shingles outbreak. Meanwhile, in the control group, 300 participants are given a placebo. During the same time frame, 50 individuals in the control group experience a shingles outbreak. What is the relative risk of experiencing a shingles outbreak while taking the new medication?
A 32-year-old woman with a body mass index of 51 kg/m2 presents to you seeking guidance on weight management, including the use of medication. You recently reviewed a systematic review of RCTs comparing orlistat to placebo for weight management, which included an asymmetrical funnel plot. What type of bias could this indicate?
An academic researcher is investigating the efficacy of a new treatment for elderly patients with osteoporosis. Prior to commencing her own study, she intends to conduct a meta-analysis to consolidate existing findings on the subject. As part of her meta-analysis, she must evaluate whether publication bias exists in the literature.
What is the most effective method for the researcher to detect this?
A new rapid diagnostic test is developed to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease. The test is based on measurement of certain biomarkers in the blood that are associated with the disease. The sensitivity and specificity of the test is 80% and 85%, respectively.
What is the likelihood ratio for a negative test result?
You are evaluating a study on the use of masks in public places to reduce viral upper respiratory tract infections among elderly individuals. The study found that the treatment group, who wore a mask, had fewer cases compared to the control group who did not wear a mask. The absolute risk in the control group was 0.5 whereas the absolute risk in the treatment group was 0.3.
What is the number needed to treat for elderly individuals in this study?
A research study examines the advantages of incorporating a new antiplatelet medication with aspirin after a heart attack in patients over the age of 60. The study yields the following outcomes:
Percentage of patients experiencing
another heart attack within 3 months
Aspirin 5%
Aspirin + new drug 3%
What is the number needed to treat to prevent one patient over the age of 60 from having another heart attack within 3 months?