A 28-year-old woman who is 13 weeks pregnant presents at the outpatient clinic with a sustained blood pressure reading of 170/92 mmHg. She has no significant medical history and has been feeling well with no symptoms. On examination, there are no abnormalities except for protein (+) and blood (+) in her urine. Fundoscopy shows no abnormalities, and an ultrasound of her kidneys reveals both to be of equal size at 9-10 cm. What is the probable cause of her hypertension?
A 62-year-old man underwent an elective coronary angiogram without complications. However, a day after the procedure, he complained of abdominal pain and later became acutely unwell. On examination, he appeared confused, had peripheral edema, lung crackles, abdominal tenderness, and signs of peripheral emboli. His lab results showed elevated potassium, urea, and creatinine levels. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 26-year-old man presents at the diabetic clinic with ++++ proteinuria and bilateral leg swelling that began one week ago following a minor upper respiratory infection. He has been insulin-dependent for five years but has no signs of neuropathy, and his eye screening reveals no background retinopathy. His random glucose level in the clinic is 5.9. What is the probable diagnosis?
A 44-year-old man with a 15-year history of osteoarthritis has been referred to the nephrologists due to a serum creatinine level of 210 µmol/l. He was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and essential hypertension one year ago and is currently taking ramipril 10 mg, aspirin 75 mg, diclofenac 150 mg, and atorvastatin 10 mg daily. On examination, his BP was 110/70 mmHg, and systemic examination was normal. Investigations revealed low haemoglobin levels, high urea and creatinine levels, and normal sodium, potassium, corrected calcium, phosphate, albumin, and 24-h urinary protein collection. His echocardiogram was normal, and renal ultrasound scan showed unobstructed echogenic kidneys with the right kidney measuring 9.4 cm and the left kidney measuring 8.8 cm. What is the most likely cause of his renal impairment?
A 32-year-old woman presents to the Emergency Department with visible haematuria. She has no past medical history of note, other than a recent cold, which quickly resolved. She has no history of kidney stones and no history of weight loss, fatigue or fevers.
There is no pain or tenderness on examination of her abdomen, and her urine is noted to be stained pink-red. An abdominal computerised tomography (CT) is performed which is reported as normal.
Her blood pressure is 150/90 mmHg.
Investigation:
s
Haemoglobin (Hb) 130 g/l 115–155 g/l
White cell count (WCC) 7.5 × 109/l 4.0–11.0 × 109/l
C-reactive protein (CRP) 8 mg/l < 3 mg/l
Creatinine (Cr) 140 µmol/l 50–120 µmol/l
Urea 6.5 mmol/l 2.5–6.5 mmol/l
Potassium (K+) 5.6 mmol/l 3.5–5.0 mmol/l
Sodium (Na+) 138 mmol/l 135–145 mmol/l
Compliment C3 110 mg/dl 80–160 mg/dl
Compliment C4 40 mg/dl 20–50 mg/dl
Antinuclear antibody (ANA) Negative
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) Negative
Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) Negative
Electrophoresis No paraprotein
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 50-year-old woman with a history of type I diabetes and a recent renal transplant some three months earlier presents to the Emergency Department with a rise in her creatinine level of > 30% of post-transplant baseline. She has been taking cyclosporin since her transplant and has recently started new medication for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). You suspect a drug interaction. On examination, her blood pressure is 142/70 mmHg, and pulse 70 bpm (regular). Which of the following medications is most likely responsible for the rise in creatinine level?
A 57-year-old man with metastatic small cell lung carcinoma is admitted to hospital with vomiting, ankle swelling and pruritus. He recently completed a course of palliative chemotherapy. He has a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypertension and is currently taking morphine sulphate (MST) for pain relief.
During examination, he appears cachectic with peripheral oedema and skin excoriations. His heart rate is 96 beats per minute and blood pressure is 140/85 mmHg.
The following tests were conducted:
– Hb: 134 g/l
– Platelets: 185 * 109/l
– WBC: 5.5 * 109/l
– Na+: 146 mmol/l
– K+: 5.4 mmol/l
– Urea: 23 mmol/l
– Creatinine: 420 µmol/l
Urine dip shows blood +, urine osmolality is 350 mOsm/L, urinary sodium is 45 mEq L, and microscopy reveals red cells and casts.
What is the most suitable pain relief option for this patient?
A 68-year-old-male presents to the clinic with complaints of fleeting joint pains and a progressive rash on both legs. He has been self-medicating with over the counter painkillers for his chronic back pain for the past six weeks. He has a history of hypertension.
Upon examination, there is no evidence of active synovitis, but there is a symmetrical eruption of palpable, red-purple papular lesions across the extensor surfaces of both legs. His heart sounds are normal, and his abdomen is soft and non-tender. His clinic blood pressure reading is 146/88 mmHg, and his oxygen saturations are at 99% on room air.
Lab results show Hb 132 g/l, Platelets 155* 109/l, WBC 9.9 * 109/l, Neuts 5.1 * 109/l, Lymphs 1.0 * 109/l, Eosin 2.5 * 109/l, Na+ 135 mmol/l, K+ 5.1 mmol/l, Urea 7.3 mmol/l, Creatinine 256 mol/l, and CRP 6 mg/l.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 65-year-old woman presents to the acute medical unit with complaints of frequent urination and excessive thirst. She reports having to wake up at least three times every night to urinate and constantly feeling thirsty. Her medical history includes hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, and bipolar disorder, and she is currently taking aspirin, lithium, and bisoprolol. An overnight water deprivation test was conducted, and the results are as follows:
– Na+ 145 mmol/l (137-144)
– K+ 4.5 mmol/l (3.5-4.9)
– Urea 11.5 mmol/l (2.5-7.0)
– Creatinine 188 µmol/l (60-110)
– Random blood glucose 7.2 mmol
– Serum osmolality 370 mosmol/kg (278-300)
– Urine osmolality 165 mosmol/kg (350-1000)
A d DAVP (1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin) test was performed, but the urinary osmolality remained unchanged. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 72 year old woman with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and previous myocardial infarction arrives at the Emergency Department complaining of abdominal pain and profuse diarrhea for the past two days, which has turned bloody in the last 24 hours. Her vital signs are as follows: temperature of 37.2º, heart rate of 102 beats per minute, and blood pressure of 106/74 mmHg. Upon examination, her heart sounds are normal, chest is clear, and she has a diffusely tender abdomen.
Lab results show a hemoglobin level of 10.4 g/dl, platelets at 64 * 109/l, WBC at 14.2 * 109/l, urea at 10 mmol/l, creatinine at 154 µmol/l, bilirubin at 56 µmol/l, and CRP at 125 mg/l. A blood film reveals fragmented red blood cells. Based on the likely diagnosis, what is the most appropriate course of action for this patient?