A patient with a recent diagnosis of schizophrenia at the age of 40 is prescribed risperidone. During their consultation with the doctor, they are informed that some of the potential side effects are caused by elevated levels of prolactin.
What is the mechanism behind this occurrence?
A 47-year-old woman comes in for her yearly diabetic check-up. Despite being on metformin and gliclazide for a year, her HbA1c level remains at 57 mmol/mol. She mentions difficulty losing weight, and her BMI is recorded as 36 kg/m². The doctor decides to prescribe sitagliptin. How does this medication lower blood sugar levels?
A 43-year-old obese man comes to your clinic for a diabetes check-up. Despite being treated with metformin and gliclazide, his HbA1c remains elevated at 55 mmol/mol. He has previously found it difficult to follow dietary advice and lose weight. To enhance his diabetic management, you prescribe sitagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor. What is the mode of action of this novel medication?
A 65-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus is being evaluated by her diabetic nurse. Despite taking metformin for the past 6 months, her glycaemic control remains poor. To improve management, the decision is made to add sitagliptin (a dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor) to her current metformin regimen.
What is the mechanism of action of the newly prescribed medication?
A 55-year-old man comes in for his regular check-up with his GP. He has a medical history of chronic pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus and is currently taking the maximum doses of metformin and gliclazide. During a random plasma glucose test, his levels show 18.0 mmol/l and his urinalysis reveals glycosuria with minimal ketones. The GP suspects that his body is not producing enough insulin and decides to initiate insulin therapy. Can you identify the location in the body where insulin is produced?
A 54-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus visits the Endocrinology clinic for evaluation. He is currently on maximum doses of metformin and glibenclamide, but his HbA1c levels have increased from 58 mmol/mol to 67 mmol/mol over the past six months. The consultant recommends adding sitagliptin as a third antidiabetic medication. What is the mechanism of action of this new medication?
A 65-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus has been taking metformin 1g twice daily for the past 6 months. Despite this, his HbA1c has remained above target at 64 mmol/mol (8.0%).
He has a history of left ventricular failure following a myocardial infarction 2 years ago. He has been trying to lose weight since but still has a body mass index of 33 kg/m². He is also prone to recurrent urinary tract infections.
You intend to intensify treatment by adding a second medication.
What is the mechanism of action of the most appropriate anti-diabetic drug for him?
A 56-year-old patient visits his primary care physician for a follow-up on his diabetes treatment. He is currently taking metformin and expresses concern about adding more medications that may lead to hypoglycemia. The patient has a medical history of bladder cancer, which was treated through surgery. On examination, the only notable finding is an elevated body mass index of 32 kg/m².
Based on recent blood test results, with an HbA1c level of 61 mmol/L (<48), the GP wants to prescribe a medication that does not cause weight gain or hypoglycemia. What is the probable mechanism of action of this drug?
A 49-year-old man visits the clinic with complaints of muscle cramps and constipation that have been present for a week. He appears to be in good health otherwise. Upon conducting a serum potassium test, you discover that his levels are below the normal range. Your next step is to determine the underlying cause of his hypokalaemia. Which of the following medical conditions is commonly linked to low potassium levels?
A 9-year-old girl is being treated by a paediatrician for bedwetting at night. Non-invasive methods have not yielded any results and her family is interested in trying medication. The paediatrician has approved a trial of desmopressin.
What is the site of action of this drug?