MS-0547
A 13-year-old boy collapses at home and is taken to the hospital. After all tests come back normal, what is the underlying mechanism behind a vasovagal episode?
Archives: Medical Student Years 1-3
MS-0548
An individual who has been a lifelong smoker and is 68 years old arrives at the Emergency Department with a heart attack. During the explanation of his condition, a doctor mentions that the arteries supplying his heart have been narrowed and damaged. What substance is increased on endothelial cells after damage or oxidative stress, leading to the recruitment of monocytes to the vessel wall?
MS-0549
A 68-year-old woman has a left ankle ulcer that has been present for nine months. She had a DVT in her right leg five years ago. Upon examination, there is a 6 cm diameter slough-based ulcer on the medial malleolus without cellulitis. What investigation is required before applying compression bandaging?
MS-0550
A 68-year-old man visits his doctor complaining of exertional dyspnea and is diagnosed with heart failure. Afterload-induced increases can lead to systolic dysfunction in heart failure.
What factors worsen his condition by increasing afterload?
MS-0551
A 72-year-old man has been discharged after an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy and his GP is reviewing his discharge letter. The patient has a history of atrial fibrillation and takes warfarin to reduce the risk of stroke. The GP notices an abnormality in the coagulation screen that was performed before surgery. The discharge letter confirms that this is expected with warfarin use.
What is the most likely abnormality on this patient’s coagulation blood results?
Reference ranges:
International normalised ratio (INR) 0.9-1.2
Prothrombin time (PT) 10-14 secs
MS-0552
A 67-year-old woman visits the anticoagulation clinic for her regular INR test. She has a medical history of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and is currently taking warfarin for life. During this visit, her INR level is found to be 4.4, which is higher than her target of 3.0. Upon further inquiry, she reveals that she had been prescribed antibiotics by her GP recently. Can you identify the clotting factors that warfarin affects?
MS-0553
An 80-year-old patient is initiated on warfarin after being diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. The patient has a medical history of a metallic heart valve.
The patient is informed that INR levels will be used to monitor the effects of warfarin. INR is a ratio of the value during warfarin treatment to the normal value, which is used to measure a specific aspect of clotting.
What is the value that is utilized during this monitoring process?
MS-0537
A 67-year-old woman arrives at the emergency department complaining of palpitations. Upon examination, her ECG reveals tall tented T waves. What causes the distinctive shape of the T wave, which corresponds to phase 3 of the cardiac action potential?
MS-0538
A 67-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with unilateral weakness and loss of sensation. He is later diagnosed with an ischaemic stroke. After initial treatment, he is started on dipyridamole as part of his ongoing therapy.
What is the mechanism of action of dipyridamole?
MS-0539
Which of the following complications is the least commonly associated with ventricular septal defects in pediatric patients?