A 78-year-old woman has presented with dyspnea. During cardiovascular examination, a faint murmur is detected in the mitral area. If the diagnosis is mitral stenosis, what is the most probable factor that would increase the loudness and clarity of the murmur during auscultation?
A 73-year-old man presents to the emergency department with complaints of severe cramping pain in his leg at rest. He has a medical history of peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and hypertension.
During the examination, his blood pressure is measured at 138/92 mmHg, respiratory rate at 22/min, and oxygen saturations at 99%. The healthcare provider performs a neurovascular exam of the lower limbs and palpates the pulses.
Which area should be palpated first?
An 78-year-old man with a history of hypertension, ischaemic heart disease and peripheral vascular disease presents with palpitations and syncope. His ECG reveals an irregularly irregular pulse of 124 beats/min. What factor in his medical history will be given the most consideration when deciding whether or not to administer anticoagulation?
A 79-year-old man presents to a heart failure clinic with worsening peripheral oedema and seeks advice on potential treatment options. The patient has a medical history of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and chronic kidney disease. His current medication regimen includes ramipril, bisoprolol, atorvastatin, and furosemide.
The patient’s laboratory results show a sodium level of 139 mmol/L (135 – 145), potassium level of 3.6 mmol/L (3.5 – 5.0), bicarbonate level of 24 mmol/L (22 – 29), urea level of 7.4 mmol/L (2.0 – 7.0), creatinine level of 132 µmol/L (55 – 120), and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 53 ml/min/1.73m2 (>60).
What adjustments should be made to the patient’s furosemide treatment?
A 65-year-old man presents to the Emergency Department with a 60-minute history of central chest pain that extends to his jaw. An ECG reveals an inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The QRS is positive in leads I and aVL but negative in leads II and aVF. What type of axis deviation is indicated by this finding?
A 25-year-old man is scheduled for a mitral valve repair to address mitral regurgitation. What characteristic is associated with the mitral valve?
Which one of the following statements relating to the pharmacology of warfarin is false?
A 55-year-old Hispanic man visits his GP for a blood pressure check-up. As he experienced ankle swelling with amlodipine, the GP recommends trying bendroflumethiazide. Can you explain the mechanism of action of this diuretic?
Where is the site of action of bendroflumethiazide in elderly patients?
A 67-year-old woman visited her physician complaining of palpitations. She has a medical history of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease. Her current medications include Metformin, insulin injections, candesartan, and metoprolol. The doctor reviewed her medical records and decided to prescribe a medication to prevent complications related to the underlying cause of her palpitations. The doctor informed her that she would need to visit the hospital laboratory regularly to have her blood checked due to the medication’s risk of bleeding. Which blood clotting factors are affected by this condition?