A 50-year-old man comes in with a lipoma situated at the back of the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, about 4 cm above the middle third of the clavicle. While performing surgery to remove the growth, problematic bleeding is encountered. What is the most probable origin of the bleeding?
As a medical student observing a parathyroidectomy in the short-stay surgical theatre, you witness the ligation of blood vessels supplying the parathyroid glands. The ENT consultant requests you to identify the arteries responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the parathyroid gland. Can you correctly name these arteries?
A nursing student is being consented for a parathyroidectomy for symptomatic hyperparathyroidism. The parathyroid gland consists of 2 superior and 2 inferior glands. The patient is informed that all four glands will be removed in order to achieve a complete resolution of her symptoms. You explain to her that the superior and inferior glands are derived from different structures.
From which one of the following embryological structures are the superior parathyroid glands derived from?
An individual in their mid-20s is identified to have a superior vena cava on the left side. What is the most probable route for blood from this system to reach the heart?
The venous drainage of the heart is aided by the Thebesian veins. To which primary structure do they drain?
A 29-year-old man is brought to the emergency surgical theatre with multiple stab wounds to his abdomen and is hypotensive despite resuscitative measures. During a laparotomy, a profusely bleeding vessel is found at a certain level of the lumbar vertebrae. The vessel is identified as the testicular artery and is ligated to stop the bleeding. At which vertebral level was the artery identified?
A 32-year-old woman has been diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism and is scheduled for resection of a right inferior parathyroid adenoma. What embryological structure does this adenoma originate from?
A 59-year-old man has been experiencing abdominal pain that worsens after eating, along with nausea and weight loss. Imaging suggests that he may have median arcuate ligament syndrome, which is compressing a branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the foregut. As a result, he is scheduled for surgical decompression of this vessel. Can you name the three branches of this occluded aortic branch?
Which of the following structures separates the subclavian artery from the subclavian vein?
And for the age change:
Which of the following structures separates the subclavian artery from the subclavian vein in a 30-year-old patient?
A 25-year-old man has been diagnosed with an abnormal electrical connection in his heart, resulting in frequent palpitations, dizzy spells, and shortness of breath. Delta waves are also evident on his ECG. Would ablation of the coronary sinus be a viable treatment option for this condition?
From which embryological structure is the target for this surgery derived?