MS-0449

A 39-year-old male arrives at the emergency department complaining of palpitations and is diagnosed with monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. What electrolyte is responsible for maintaining the resting potential of ventricular myocytes?

MS-0450

Which one of the following is a recognised tributary of the retromandibular vein?

MS-0451

A 50-year-old woman is currently receiving antibiotics for bacterial endocarditis and is worried about her future health. She asks about the common complications associated with her condition.

Which of the following is a typical complication of bacterial endocarditis?

MS-0452

A 30-year-old male arrives at the emergency department complaining of sudden dizziness and palpitations. His medical history reveals that he had infectious diarrhea a week ago and was prescribed a 10-day course of erythromycin. Upon examination, an ECG confirms fast atrial fibrillation. The physician decides to use amiodarone to convert the patient into sinus rhythm. What is one potential risk associated with the use of amiodarone in this patient?

MS-0453

As a medical student assisting a consultant cardiologist during a percutaneous coronary angiogram on a male patient, you are shown the patient’s previous angiogram that reveals a severe occlusion in the left main stem coronary artery. The consultant then poses a question to you about atherosclerosis. Specifically, which modifiable risk factor is involved in the initial development of the atherosclerotic plaque due to its contribution to shear stress?

MS-0454

A 54-year-old man visits his GP for a routine check-up and physical examination. He has a medical history of hypertension and asthma but currently has no immediate concerns. He reports feeling healthy.

During the examination, the man appears to be in good health, with normal vital signs except for a high blood pressure reading of 160/90 mmHg. While listening to his heart, the GP detects an S4 heart sound and orders an ECG.

Which segment of the ECG corresponds to the S4 heart sound?

MS-0455

A 46-year-old man with a history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOCM) presents for evaluation at the cardiology clinic. During the assessment, a fourth heart sound is detected.

What characteristic is associated with this clinical observation?

MS-0456

A 68-year-old woman arrives at the emergency department with complaints of shortness of breath and palpitations. During the examination, you observe an irregularly irregular pulse. To check for signs of atrial fibrillation, you opt to conduct an ECG. In a healthy individual, where is the SA node located in the heart?

MS-0457

Which of the following structures separates the subclavian artery from the subclavian vein?

And for the age change:

Which of the following structures separates the subclavian artery from the subclavian vein in a 30-year-old patient?

MS-0458

A 25-year-old man has been diagnosed with an abnormal electrical connection in his heart, resulting in frequent palpitations, dizzy spells, and shortness of breath. Delta waves are also evident on his ECG. Would ablation of the coronary sinus be a viable treatment option for this condition?

From which embryological structure is the target for this surgery derived?