MS-0365
At what age is a ventricular septal defect typically diagnosed, and what cardiovascular structure is responsible for its development due to embryological failure?
Archives: Medical Student Years 1-3
MS-0366
A 50-year-old male is brought to the trauma unit following a car accident, with an estimated blood loss of 1200ml. His vital signs are as follows: heart rate of 125 beats per minute, blood pressure of 125/100 mmHg, and he feels cold to the touch.
Which component of his cardiovascular system has played the biggest role in maintaining his blood pressure stability?
MS-0367
A 75-year-old collapses at home and is rushed to the Emergency Room but dies despite resuscitation efforts. He had a myocardial infarction five weeks prior. What histological findings would be expected in his heart?
MS-0368
A 78-year-old ex-smoker comes to the clinic complaining of chest discomfort and shortness of breath. He had a history of ST-elevation myocardial infarction 10 days ago, which was treated with thrombolysis. During the examination, a high-pitch holosystolic murmur is heard at the apex. The ECG shows widespread ST elevation. Unfortunately, the patient experiences cardiac arrest and passes away. What is the probable histological finding in his heart?
MS-0369
A 28-year-old pregnant woman discusses her varicose veins with her midwife. She has noticed these veins for a couple of weeks now, and they appeared during her pregnancy. Lately, she has observed red-brown discoloration around the veins on the back of her calf. What could be the probable root cause of this?
MS-0370
A 67-year-old man with a history of atrial fibrillation presents with an embolus in his lower leg. The medical team decides to perform an embolectomy using a trans popliteal approach. Upon incising the deep fascia, what will be the first structure encountered by the surgeons as they explore the central region of the popliteal fossa?
MS-0371
A 75-year-old woman is hospitalized with acute mesenteric ischemia. During a CT angiogram, a narrowing is observed at the point where the superior mesenteric artery originates. At what level does this artery branch off from the aorta?
MS-0372
A 36-year-old woman is scheduled for a parathyroidectomy to treat her hyperparathyroidism. During the surgery, an enlarged inferior parathyroid gland is identified with a vessel located adjacent to it laterally. Which vessel is most likely to be in this location?
MS-0357
The T wave in a typical electrocardiogram is mainly generated by what mechanisms?
MS-0358
A 78-year-old patient is having an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to investigate gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. While the procedure is ongoing, the patient experiences several coughing episodes.
Which two cranial nerves are responsible for this reflex action?