Jill, a 54-year-old female, visits her doctor complaining of chest pain. She reports that the pain worsens when she walks and subsides when she rests.
Jill’s medical history includes diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. She also has a family history of myocardial infarction.
Based on her symptoms, the doctor diagnoses Jill with angina and prescribes a nitrate spray.
At what stage of the cardiac cycle do the coronary arteries primarily fill?
A 65-year-old woman experiences chest discomfort during physical activity and is diagnosed with angina.
What alterations are expected to be observed in her arteries?
An eager young medical student inquires about ECGs. Despite your limited knowledge on the subject, you valiantly attempt to respond to her queries! One of her questions is: which part of the ECG denotes ventricular repolarization?
A 54-year-old man visits the clinic with a complaint of experiencing shortness of breath during physical activity. He denies any chest pain or coughing and has never smoked. During cardiac auscultation, an ejection systolic murmur is detected. Although a valvular defect is suspected as the cause of his symptoms, echocardiography reveals an atrial septal defect (ASD) instead. An ASD allows blood to flow between the left and right atria. During fetal development, what structure connects the left and right atria?
Which of the following structures is in danger of direct harm after a femoral condyle fracture dislocation in an older adult?
John, a 67-year-old male, is brought to the emergency department by ambulance. The ambulance crew explains that the patient has emesis, homonymous hemianopia, weakness of left upper and lower limb, and dysphasia. He makes the healthcare professionals aware he has a worsening headache.
He has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation for which he is taking warfarin. His INR IS 4.3 despite his target range of 2-3.
A CT is ordered and the report suggests the anterior cerebral artery is the affected vessel.
Which areas of the brain can be affected with a haemorrhage stemming of this artery?
John, a 35-year-old male, is brought to the emergency department by ambulance. The ambulance crew explains that the patient has homonymous hemianopia, weakness of left upper and lower limb, and dysphasia.
He has a strong past medical and family history deep vein thromboses.
A CT is ordered and the report suggests a stroke affecting the middle cerebral artery. Months later he is under investigations to explain the stroke at his young age. He is diagnosed with Factor V Leiden thrombophilia, which causes the blood to be in a hypercoagulable state.
What are the potential areas of the brain that can be impacted by an emboli in this artery?
A 49-year-old man arrived at the emergency department with chest discomfort persisting for 2 hours and flu-like symptoms for the past 4 days. His ECG revealed widespread ST-segment alterations. The cTnI test showed elevated values for this particular troponin subunit. What is the most precise explanation of the role of this subunit?
The T wave in a typical electrocardiogram is mainly generated by what mechanisms?
A 78-year-old patient is having an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to investigate gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. While the procedure is ongoing, the patient experiences several coughing episodes.
Which two cranial nerves are responsible for this reflex action?