MS-0147
A 39-year-old woman is being evaluated for progressive dyspnea and is found to have primary pulmonary hypertension. She is prescribed bosentan. What is the mode of action of bosentan?
Archives: Medical Student Years 1-3
MS-0148
A 59-year-old woman presents to a respiratory clinic with worsening breathlessness and a recent diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. The decision is made to initiate treatment with bosentan. Can you explain the mechanism of action of this medication?
MS-0149
During a routine visit, a 76-year-old man with a history of stable angina informs his GP about his recent hospitalization due to decompensated heart failure. The hospital staff had taken a brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level which was found to be significantly elevated. He was treated with intravenous furosemide and responded positively. What are the cardiovascular impacts of BNP?
MS-0150
Sarah, a 73-year-old woman, is currently admitted to the medical ward after experiencing chest pain. A recent blood test revealed low levels of potassium. The doctors explained that potassium plays a crucial role in the normal functioning of the heart and any changes in its concentration can affect the heart’s ability to contract and relax properly.
How does potassium contribute to a normal cardiac action potential?
MS-0151
A 60-year-old woman complains of persistent diarrhoea, wheezing, and flushing. During the physical examination, an irregular pulsatile hepatomegaly and a pansystolic murmur that is most pronounced during inspiration are detected. What diagnostic test could provide insight into the probable underlying condition?
MS-0152
A 63-year-old man visits his physician complaining of exertional dyspnea. To assess his heart function, he undergoes a transthoracic echocardiogram.
What is the method used to determine his cardiac output from the echocardiogram?
MS-0153
A 75-year-old male presents to the GP clinic complaining of increased shortness of breath during physical activity and swelling in both ankles. The GP schedules an echocardiogram for him as an outpatient. During the echocardiogram, the patient’s heart rate was 72 bpm and blood pressure was 136/88 mmHg. The results of the echocardiogram show an end-diastolic volume of 105ml and an end-systolic volume of 65ml. What is the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of this patient?
MS-0154
A 45-year-old patient has a cardiac output of 6 L/min and a heart rate of 60/min. Her end-diastolic left ventricular volume is 200ml. What is her left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)?
MS-0137
An 80-year-old man presents to the emergency department with complaints of chest pain, dizziness, and palpitations. He has a medical history of mitral stenosis and denies any alcohol or smoking habits. Upon conducting an ECG, it is observed that lead I shows positively directed sawtooth deflections, while leads II, III, and aVF show negatively directed sawtooth deflections. What pathology does this finding suggest?
MS-0138
As a doctor on the cardiology ward, I am currently treating a 50-year-old patient who was admitted due to syncope and dyspnoea. The patient has just returned from an echocardiography which revealed a pedunculated mass. What is the most probable primary tumor that this patient is suffering from?