A teenage boy suddenly collapses outside his home. He is found to be in cardiac arrest and unfortunately passed away in the hospital. Posthumously, he is diagnosed with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. What alterations would this condition bring about in the heart?
A man in his 50s arrives at the emergency department with bleeding following a car accident. Despite significant blood loss, his blood pressure has remained stable. What can be said about the receptors responsible for regulating his blood pressure?
A 22-year-old male student is brought to the Emergency Department via ambulance. He is unconscious, hypotensive, and tachycardic. According to his friend, he started feeling unwell after being stung by a bee in the park. The medical team suspects anaphylactic shock and begins resuscitation. While anaphylactic shock causes widespread vasodilation, which mediator is responsible for arteriole constriction?
Which of the following events is commonly observed in the arterioles of individuals with malignant hypertension?
As a medical student on placement in the pathology lab, I observed the pathologist examining a section of a blood vessel. I wondered, what distinguishes the tunica media from the tunica adventitia?
Ella, a 69-year-old female, arrives at the emergency department with abrupt tearing abdominal pain that radiates to her back.
Ella has a medical history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes. Her body mass index is 31 kg/m². She smokes 10 cigarettes a day.
The emergency physician orders an ECG and MRI, which confirm the diagnosis of an aortic dissection.
Which layer or layers of the aorta are impacted?
A 75-year-old man presents to the emergency department with sudden onset chest pain that started 3 hours ago and is radiating to his left shoulder. He reports feeling a heavy pressure over his sternum. The patient has a 40-year history of smoking one pack of cigarettes per day and was diagnosed with hyperlipidaemia 25 years ago. An initial ECG reveals ST elevation in V3 and V4. Despite resuscitative efforts, the patient passes away. Upon autopsy, a section of the left anterior descending artery stained with haematoxylin and eosin shows atheroma formation.
What is the final step in the pathogenesis of the autopsy finding in this case?
A mother brings her 8-year-old son to the GP with a history of intermittent fevers, severe joint pain and feeling fatigued. Other than a recent absence from school for a sore throat, he has been well with no other past medical history of note.
On examination, there is a pansystolic murmur heard over the left 5th intercostal space.
Which organism is the most probable cause for the aforementioned symptoms?
An 68-year-old patient visits the GP complaining of a cough that produces green sputum, fever and shortness of breath. After being treated with antibiotics, her symptoms improve. However, three weeks later, she experiences painful joints, chest pain, fever and an erythema marginatum rash. What is the probable causative organism responsible for the initial infection?
A patient in their 60s is diagnosed with first-degree heart block which is shown on their ECG by an elongated PR interval. The PR interval relates to a particular period in the electrical conductance of the heart.
What factors could lead to a decrease in the PR interval?