A first-time mother who is currently exclusively breastfeeding her infant, now six months old, is considering introducing solid foods and she is wondering about breastfeeding recommendations.
Which of the following best describes the World Health Organization (WHO) breastfeeding recommendations?
A 28-year-old woman comes to the clinic after two positive pregnancy tests and seeks guidance on how to have a healthy pregnancy. She is in good health, takes folic acid, and smokes 20 cigarettes per day.
You recognize the importance of quitting smoking for the well-being of the pregnancy and employ motivational interviewing techniques to address her smoking.
What is the initial step in this process?
A 28-year-old woman comes in for her regular prenatal check-up at 16 weeks. This is her first pregnancy and she is feeling fine, but is worried because her sister was recently diagnosed with diabetes. She has no other complaints and her uterus is consistent with her gestational age. Blood pressure is within normal limits and urinalysis reveals negative nitrites, negative leukocytes, and negative protein. What is your next course of action?
A 26-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes becomes pregnant.
Which of the following statements is correct?
A 34-year-old woman is at eight weeks’ gestation in her first pregnancy, with a body mass index (BMI) of 36.5 kg/m2. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus, and her sister had pre-eclampsia in both her pregnancies. She had deep vein thrombosis (DVT), following a long-haul flight to Australia last year.
Which of the following risk factors presenting in this patient’s history is considered a high-risk factor for the development of pre-eclampsia?
A 34-year-old woman in her second pregnancy comes in at 11 weeks with a 1-day history of vaginal bleeding. Bleeding began as a light brown discharge while wiping and was accompanied by menstrual-like cramps. Symptoms have since subsided. During the examination, the abdomen is soft and painless, the cervical os is closed, and there is some dark brown discharge in the vaginal area.
What ultrasound results would confirm the diagnosis?
A 26-year-old woman comes to you at 18 weeks’ gestation, feeling very anxious. She spent one day last week taking care of her sick nephew who had cold symptoms, and a few days later, her nephew developed a facial rash resembling a ‘slapped cheek’. The patient informs you that she herself had some myalgia and fever for two days, and today she developed a rash on her trunk and back.
Upon examination, her temperature is 37.7 °C and there is a maculopapular rash on her trunk and back with a lace-like appearance.
The blood tests reveal:
rubella: immunoglobulin M (IgM) negative, immunoglobulin G (IgG) positive
parvovirus B19: IgM positive, IgG negative.
What should be the next course of action in managing this patient?
The technician performed an ultrasonographic examination on a pregnant woman and obtained a median scan of the 7-week-old embryo. Using the ultrasound machine, the technician marked the most superior point of the embryo’s head and the most inferior point of the embryo. The technician then measured the distance between the marks. What is the calculation that the technician made?
A 28-year-old woman presents at 29 weeks’ gestation very concerned as she has not felt her baby move at all since the night before. She has a history of coeliac disease. No fetal movements can be palpated. An ultrasound scan confirms fetal death. Blood investigations were performed: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 10.5 μu/l (0.17–3.2 μu/l) and free thyroxine (fT4) 4 pmol/l (11–22 pmol/l). These were not performed at booking.
According to the national antenatal screening programme, which of the following groups of patients should be screened for thyroid disorders in pregnancy?
A 32-year-old woman presents to her General Practitioner four weeks after a positive home pregnancy test. She has a medical history of rheumatoid arthritis, generalised tonic–clonic seizures and hyperlipidaemia. Her obstetric history includes an elective termination of pregnancy at 19 weeks due to trisomy 18. She is currently taking hydroxychloroquine, phenytoin, atorvastatin and a herbal supplement. She drinks socially, consuming an average of one drink per week, and does not smoke. On physical examination, no abnormalities are noted.
Considering her medical history, which fetal complication is most likely to occur?