A 55-year-old man visits his GP for a regular diabetes check-up. He has a medical history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, iron-deficiency anaemia, splenectomy, depression, and chronic kidney disease stage 5, which requires haemodialysis. He is currently taking ferrous sulphate, metformin, citalopram, and amoxicillin. The HBA1c result shows 38 mmol/mol, but the GP suspects that this reading may be inaccurate. What could be the possible reasons for this?
A 68-year-old man visits his doctor with his spouse, reporting a chronic cough and swelling in his neck. He has been experiencing these symptoms for several years but only sought medical attention today because his wife urged him to address his bad breath. The man’s wife also notes that he makes noise while eating and drinking and occasionally has difficulty swallowing, leading to regurgitation of food. The patient has a history of hospitalization for pneumonia following one of these choking episodes. What is the most suitable course of action for managing his likely diagnosis?
What is the most prevalent form of colorectal cancer that is inherited?
Familial adenomatous polyposis, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma, Fanconi syndrome, and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome are all types of inherited colorectal cancer. However, which one is the most common?
A 78-year-old man collapsed during a routine hospital visit and was quickly assessed. He presented with homonymous hemianopia, significant weakness in his right arm and leg, and a new speech impairment. A CT head scan was urgently performed and confirmed the diagnosis of an ischemic stroke. What CT head results would be indicative of this condition?
A 38-year-old woman visits her doctor with concerns about sudden weight gain. Despite following a balanced diet and exercising, she has gained 10 kilograms in the past month. She also reports an increase in body hair and new acne on her face. During the examination, the doctor observes central adiposity. The patient has been taking regular oral corticosteroids for adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Based on the likely diagnosis, what acid-base imbalance would be anticipated?
Samantha is a 52-year-old female who visits her doctor with complaints of dysuria and increased urinary frequency for the past day. She has a medical history of hypertension and is currently taking candesartan and spironolactone. During her teenage years, she had two simple urinary tract infections. Upon examination, a urinary dipstick reveals leukocytes ++, nitrites ++ and microscopic haematuria. The doctor diagnoses her with a urinary tract infection and prescribes trimethoprim 200mg BD for three days.
After three days, Samantha returns to the clinic with improved urinary tract infection symptoms but complains of decreased urine output, nausea, and swelling in both legs. To investigate further, the doctor orders a full blood count and renal function bloods. What electrolyte disturbances might be expected to be found on Samantha’s bloods?
A 65-year-old homeless woman is brought to the emergency department by paramedics after being found unconscious. An ECG reveals a broad complex polymorphic tachycardia, which is suggestive of torsades de pointes. What could be a potential cause of this arrhythmia in the patient?
A 24-year-old is brought to the ICU following a severe head injury from a car crash. The patient arrives agitated and hypoxic, requiring intubation and ventilation. Upon further examination, it is discovered that the patient has an elevated intracranial pressure. How does altering the ventilation rate aid in managing this patient’s condition?
A 42-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after experiencing a strange episode. He appears confused and unable to provide a clear history, but his wife reports being awakened by him shaking around in bed. She notes that her husband has been complaining of headaches for the past five days and mentioned earlier today that his left hand felt weak. His vital signs are BP 128/85 mmHg, heart rate 82/min, temperature 39.5ºC, oxygen saturation 98% on room air, and respiratory rate 18/min. His blood glucose level is 5.6mmol/L, and his ECG is normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 35-year-old male presents with painful, red bumps on his shins. The physician suspects erythema nodosum and inquires further, discovering that the patient has been experiencing joint pains and a non-productive cough. A chest x-ray is ordered and reveals bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. Routine blood tests are conducted. What abnormality is most commonly associated with this condition?