A 48-year old teacher is found to have a raised fasting glucose and abnormal cholesterol results following routine blood testing as a part of her NHS health check. She is noted to have a BMI of 32. She is also hypertensive. The reviewing physician suspects that the patient has metabolic syndrome.
Which of the following statements is true about the metabolic syndrome?
A 28-year-old woman presents with a three month history of weight gain. During this time her weight has increased from 56 kg to 81 kg.
She works as a teacher and was in a long-term relationship until three months ago. Following the break-up, she started to drink more and her meals became erratic. She has been recently diagnosed with anxiety. In addition, she recently broke her left ankle after falling while hiking.
Her regular medications now include sertraline, vitamin D, and a benzoyl peroxide gel for acne.
What is the next best test?
A 32-year-old woman reports to her community midwife with complaints of failure to lactate, lethargy, dizziness upon standing, and weight loss after a difficult childbirth complicated by placental abruption. What blood test results are expected?
A patient in their 60s presents with lethargy, weight loss and fainting episodes. In the Emergency Department, a postural drop in blood pressure is noted of >20 mmHg systolic from the supine to the standing position. Blood glucose is 2.9 mmol/l and Na+ is 122 mmol/l.
Which of the following is the patient’s condition due to?
A 35-year-old woman with a body mass index of 33 kg/m2 has a fasting blood sugar of 10 mmol/l and 11.7 mmol/l on two separate occasions. Her family history includes diabetes mellitus in her father and maternal uncle. Despite attempting to lose weight through diet and exercise, she has been unsuccessful in achieving a balanced diet. She is open to taking either orlistat or an anorexigenic agent. Further investigation reveals that her blood insulin level tends to be relatively high.
What is the most likely hormonal change to be observed in this patient?
You are researching the effects of ageing on the various body systems as part of your geriatrics rotation.
Which of the following are consistent with normal ageing with respect to the endocrine system in individuals over 70 years old?
What would be the natural response to hypocalcaemia in a normal and healthy individual, considering the various factors that influence serum calcium levels, including hormones?
A 40-year-old HIV-positive man presents with weight loss and weakness and is diagnosed with disseminated tuberculosis. During examination, he exhibits hypotension and hyperpigmentation of the mucosa, elbows, and skin creases. Further testing reveals a diagnosis of Addison’s disease. What is the most common biochemical abnormality associated with this condition?
A 35-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a consistent blood pressure reading of >140/90 mmHg. Laboratory tests indicate a serum potassium level of 2.8 mmol/l. Upon reviewing the patient’s medical history, it is discovered that an external radiology report had previously noted a small retroperitoneal mass of unknown significance. What would be the anticipated serum renin and aldosterone levels in this case?
A 20-year-old man with known type 1 diabetes is admitted to hospital with abdominal pain, drowsiness and severe dehydration. On examination he has a temperature of 38.2 degrees, and crackles at the bases of both lungs. Investigations show the following results:
Urinary ketones: 3+
Serum ketones: 3.6 mmol/l
Serum glucose: 21.8 mmol/l
pH 7.23
What is the most appropriate initial management?