During your work in general practice, you come across a 16-year-old female patient who complains of nipple discharge. Her 85-year-old grandmother passed away 7 months ago due to breast cancer. The discharge is pale in colour and present in both nipples. The volume is minimal, and there are no palpable masses upon examination. The patient is worried about having breast cancer. What is the probable diagnosis?
A 55-year-old woman arrives at the emergency department with a sudden and severe headache, which she describes as the worst she has ever experienced. The headache came on while she was sitting at her desk. She also reports feeling nauseous and vomiting.
During the examination, the woman displays neck stiffness, photophobia, and appears drowsy. A CT scan reveals hyperdense across the basal cisterns and sulci.
What is the appropriate course of action for managing the complications of this condition?
A 76-year-old male presents with a one day history of abdominal distension and vomiting.
Upon examination, there is an irreducible lump in the right groin arising below and lateral to the pubic tubercle. A plain abdominal radiograph reveals distended loops of small bowel.
Which of the following hernias are most likely to have caused these symptoms?
A 40-year-old man presents with a 4-week history of progressive pain in his left calf. The pain worsens with activity, persists at rest, but improves when he hangs his legs over the bedside. He has a medical history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus.
Upon examination, the left calf appears paler than the right, and pulses are difficult to palpate. An ulcer is observed on the dorsum aspect of the left foot, while the right calf is unaffected. Magnetic resonance angiography reveals an 8 cm stenotic lesion in the femoral artery.
What is the most appropriate definitive treatment for this condition?
A 50-year-old man comes to the clinic complaining of a lump in his right groin that disappears when he lies down. He also experiences some discomfort. He has a history of chronic cough due to smoking and has undergone an appendicectomy in the past. What is the probable diagnosis?
A 38-year-old construction worker complains of sudden onset groin pain on the left side that radiates from the flank. The pain is intermittent but excruciating when it occurs and is not related to movement. The patient’s examination, observations, and blood tests are normal, but a urine dip reveals ++ blood. The patient reports that his job involves heavy lifting and he rarely takes breaks. What is the probable diagnosis?
A 28-year-old woman comes to the clinic with a lump in her left breast that has appeared suddenly over the past month. She is very concerned about it and describes it as being located below the nipple. Additionally, she has noticed mild tenderness to the lump. She cannot recall any triggers or trauma that may have caused it. During the examination, a well-defined, 2 cm mobile mass is palpated in the left breast. There is no skin discoloration or discharge present. What is the most probable diagnosis?
A 68-year-old man has complained of increased frequency of urination and urge incontinence. He wakes up 4 times at night to urinate. He has no other medical conditions and is in good health. On physical examination, his prostate is normal in size on digital rectal examination. What is the most suitable investigation to determine the cause of his symptoms?
A 27-year-old woman delivered a baby 10 days ago. She has visited the GP complaining of right breast pain for the past 48 hours. On examination, there is a tender, warm, and swollen area that appears red. She has also noticed a decrease in milk production. What is the probable diagnosis, and what is the best course of action?
A 30-year-old female without underlying medical conditions undergoes a tonsillectomy and suddenly experiences a fever spike up to 40°C. Her heart rate increases to 160 beats per minute and her systolic blood pressure is measured at 180 mmHg. Additionally, the patient displays signs of muscle rigidity in her limbs. Prior to the surgery, her pre-anesthetic evaluation was unremarkable, and there is no known family history of neuromuscular disease or complications during surgery or anesthesia. The patient was induced with propofol and suxamethonium.
What is the definitive treatment for this patient in this situation?