A 56-year-old man presents with non-specific chest pain lasting 6 hours. His ECG shows no significant changes, and cardiac enzymes are normal. As the pain becomes sharper and localizes to the left side of his chest over the next 48 hours, he reports that it worsens when lying down and taking deep breaths. The diagnosis is pericarditis.
What can be said about the pericardium in this case?
A 32-year-old woman presents with dyspnoea on exertion and palpitations. She has an irregularly irregular and tachycardic pulse, and a systolic murmur is heard on auscultation. An ECG reveals atrial fibrillation and right axis deviation, while an echocardiogram shows an atrial septal defect.
What is the process of atrial septum formation?
A 32-year-old woman presents with dyspnoea on exertion and palpitations. She has an irregularly irregular and tachycardic pulse, and a systolic murmur is heard on auscultation. An ECG reveals atrial fibrillation and right axis deviation, while an echocardiogram shows an atrial septal defect.
What is true about the development of the atrial septum?
A woman is evaluated in the Emergency Department for acute-onset shortness of breath. The doctor notices that the patient’s jugular veins distend when she inspires, even while sitting upright.
Which of the following processes could explain this observation?
What is the correct statement regarding the relationship between the electrocardiogram and the cardiac cycle?
A 47-year-old woman is admitted with central chest pain of 18 hours’ duration and shortness of breath. Her troponin is elevated, and her electrocardiogram (ECG) shows changes in leads V2–V6. While undergoing initial management in preparation for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (primary PCI), she deteriorates suddenly and goes into cardiac arrest. Efforts to resuscitate her are unsuccessful. At post-mortem, rupture of the left ventricular cardiac wall is evident at the apex.
Which is the most likely blood vessel to have been involved in the infarct?
A 54-year-old man comes to his doctor for a regular check-up after experiencing a heart attack 6 weeks ago. During the examination, he appears unwell, sweaty, and clammy, and mentions feeling constantly feverish. His recent blood work reveals an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and anemia. What is the most probable post-heart attack complication that this man is experiencing?
A 12-year-old girl is diagnosed with rheumatic fever after presenting with a 3-day history of fever and polyarthralgia. The patient’s mother is concerned about any potential lasting damage to the heart.
What is the most common cardiac sequelae of rheumatic fever?
A 57-year-old male with a known history of rheumatic fever and frequent episodes of pulmonary oedema is diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension. During examination, an irregularly irregular pulse was noted and auscultation revealed a loud first heart sound and a rumbling mid-diastolic murmur. What is the most probable cause of this patient’s pulmonary hypertension?
A 68-year-old woman came to the Heart Failure Clinic complaining of shortness of breath. During the examination, a loud pansystolic murmur was heard throughout her chest. The murmur was more audible during inspiration than expiration, and it was difficult to determine where it was loudest. Additionally, she had distended neck veins and an elevated jugular venous pressure (JVP). What is the most probable diagnosis?