A 28-year-old female presents with palpitations, chest pain, and shortness of breath that radiates to her left arm. These symptoms began six weeks ago after she witnessed her father’s death from a heart attack. Over the past decade, she has undergone various investigations for abdominal pain, headaches, joint pains, and dyspareunia, but no significant cause has been identified for these symptoms. What is the probable diagnosis?
During a Cardiology Ward round, a 69-year-old woman with worsening shortness of breath on minimal exertion is examined by a medical student. While checking the patient’s jugular venous pressure (JVP), the student observes that the patient has giant v-waves. What is the most probable cause of a large JVP v-wave (giant v-wave)?
A 59-year-old man, a bus driver, with a history of angina, is admitted to hospital with chest pain. He is diagnosed and successfully treated for a STEMI, and discharged one week later.
Which of the following activities is permitted during the first month of his recovery?
An 80-year-old man with aortic stenosis came for his annual check-up. During the visit, his blood pressure was measured at 110/90 mmHg and his carotid pulse was slow-rising. What is the most severe symptom that indicates a poor prognosis in aortic stenosis?
A 51-year-old man passed away from a massive middle cerebral artery stroke. He had no previous medical issues. Upon autopsy, it was discovered that his heart weighed 400 g and had normal valves and coronary arteries. The atria and ventricles were not enlarged. The right ventricular walls were normal, while the left ventricular wall was uniformly hypertrophied to 20-mm thickness. What is the probable reason for these autopsy results?
A 7-year-old girl comes to the clinic complaining of headaches, particularly during times of stress or physical activity. She has no significant medical history. During her neurological exam, no abnormalities are found. However, a systolic murmur is heard along the length of her left sternal edge and spine. Her chest is clear and her blood pressure is 156/88 mmHg in her left arm and 104/68 mmHg in her left leg. An ECG reveals sinus rhythm with evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy. What is the most likely diagnosis?
An ECG shows small T-waves, ST depression, and prominent U-waves in a patient who is likely to be experiencing what condition?
A patient comes to your general practice with deteriorating shortness of breath and ankle swelling. You have been treating them for a few years for their congestive cardiac failure, which has been gradually worsening. Currently, the patient is at ease when resting, but standing up and walking a few steps cause their symptoms to appear. According to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, what stage of heart failure are they in?
A 68-year-old man presents to the Cardiology Clinic with worsening central crushing chest pain that only occurs during physical activity and never at rest. He is currently taking bisoprolol 20 mg per day, ramipril, omeprazole, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), and atorvastatin. What is the most suitable course of action?
A 68-year-old man is being evaluated in the Cardiac Unit. He has developed a ventricular tachycardia of 160 bpm, appears ill, and has a blood pressure of 70/52 mmHg. What would be the most immediate treatment option?