A survey is conducted to determine the number of people in a retirement community suffering from arthritis. The community’s population is 25 000 people. The total number of people found to have a confirmed diagnosis of arthritis is 125.
According to the result of this survey, what is the prevalence of arthritis in this population?
A study is conducted to investigate the relationship between age and development of heart failure. Age was categorized as ‘under 50’ or ‘50 and over’. The outcome measure was development of heart failure. 2000 individuals were included in the study, of which 300 have heart failure. A total of 60 with heart failure are under 50 years old; 40 without heart failure are under 50 years old. What is the odds ratio of getting heart failure in those under 50 years old versus those who are 50 and over?
Over a 5-year period, 100,000 people attended the Genitourinary Medicine Clinic, with 56% of them being female. Out of all the patients, 87 men and 37 women were diagnosed with gonorrhoeae. What is the relative risk of gonorrhoeae in males compared to females during this period?
The annual incidence of colon cancer in a city is 59/100 000. Out of all cases, approximately 65% are diagnosed as ‘advanced’ and have an annual case-fatality rate of 50%. However, if colon cancer is localised at the time of diagnosis, the five-year survival rate is 90%. The population of this city was 444 000 in 2014. What is the five-year fatality rate (per 1000) among those with localised disease?
A 45-year-old woman attends for her cervical smear as per the NHS cervical screening programme. She is found to have low-grade dyskaryosis. The laboratory performed a reflex high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) test on the cytology sample. The HPV sample returned as negative.
When should the patient have a repeat cervical smear?
Over the last 150 years, the life expectancy of people in all countries throughout the world has continued to increase. What is the estimated maximum lifespan for a human being?
A breast cancer screening programme involved 1000 patients who underwent mammograms. Out of these, 120 patients were recalled for further investigations due to being a high-risk group. Among the recalled patients, 18 were found to have breast cancer. Meanwhile, 880 patients were not recalled, and 45 of them were diagnosed with breast cancer. What is the percentage of positive predictive value for the patients who were recalled in this screening programme?
You are working on a Pediatric Ward and have been asked to report all cases of notifiable disease to the local authority proper officers (under Health Protection Legislation 2010). There are eight patients whom you feel may have a notifiable disease:
Patient 1 2-year-old boy with acute meningitis (no causative agent identified yet)
Patient 2 5-year-old girl with severe acute respiratory syndrome
Patient 3 8-year-old boy with diarrhoea (no causative agent identified)
Patient 4 6-year-old girl with hepatitis B (high HBeAg titre)
Patient 5 4-year-old boy with flu (influenzae virus)
Patient 6 10-year-old girl with a community-acquired pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae) identified
Patient 7 3-year-old boy with diarrhoea (Clostridium difficile isolated)
Patient 8 7-year-old girl with glandular fever (Epstein-Barr virus)
Which five patients require notification via the proper officer?
A randomised, placebo-controlled trial of a new anti-platelet agent is completed in elderly patients who have atrial fibrillation. A total of 1000 elderly patients were randomised to receive the new agent, and 1000 elderly patients were randomised to receive a placebo. In the group receiving the new agent, 50 elderly people suffered a stroke, compared with 100 elderly people in the placebo group.
What is the number needed to treat (NNT) for the new anti-platelet agent to prevent one stroke in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation?
What is the life expectancy for a man in the UK?