A 45 year-old-woman of African origin is diagnosed with type II diabetes by her General Practitioner. Her haemoglobin A1c was found to be 58 mmol/mol (normal range < 48 mmol/mol) on routine bloods for her annual hypertension review. Her body mass index (BMI) is 30 kg/m2.
Along with Metformin (an oral hypoglycaemic agent), which of the following is the most appropriate dietary recommendation for this patient?
A 36-year-old patient arrives at the emergency department experiencing confusion and vomiting. Upon further inquiry, she reports six months of weight loss, fatigue, and dizziness upon standing. Blood tests reveal the following results: Na+ 126 mmol/L (135 – 145), K+ 5.6 mmol/L (3.5 – 5.0), Urea 6.8 mmol/L (2.0 – 7.0), and Creatinine 95 µmol/L (55 – 120). After stabilization, she undergoes additional testing and is prescribed a daily maintenance regimen of 20 mg hydrocortisone and 100mcg fludrocortisone. In the event of an acute illness, such as an infection, what dosage of medication should she take?
A 47-year-old obese man complains of fatigue and excessive thirst. What is the lowest HbA1c level that can confirm the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
A 50-year-old woman with suspected diabetes mellitus undergoes an oral glucose tolerance test using the standard WHO protocol. The results are as follows:
Time (hours) Blood glucose (mmol/l)
0 5.9
2 8.4
What is the interpretation of these findings?
An increase in alkaline phosphatase can be attributed to any of the following conditions except?
You receive a letter from an endocrinology consultant following a referral that you made for a 25 year old gentleman who has been newly diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. The consultant requests that you start the patient on carbimazole 15mg daily with a repeat thyroid function test (TFT) in 4 weeks. What is the most crucial advice to give the patient?
A 56-year-old man is evaluated after being diagnosed with hypertension. As part of his assessment, he underwent a series of blood tests to screen for other risk factors:
Na+ 142 mmol/l
K+ 3.9 mmol/l
Urea 6.2 mmol/l
Creatinine 91 µmol/l
Fasting glucose 7.7 mmol/l
Total cholesterol 7.2 mmol/l
Due to the fasting glucose result, you order a HbA1c:
HbA1c 31 mmol/mol (5.0%)
What could account for the discrepancy between the HbA1c and fasting glucose levels?
A 63-year-old man comes to the clinic complaining of breast tissue enlargement. He is feeling very self-conscious and anxious about his upcoming summer vacation. Which medication is the most probable cause of his condition?
A 68-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with acute confusion. She arrives unaccompanied and is unable to provide any information about her medical history. Upon examination, she appears overweight and has non-pitting edema in her eyes and legs. Additionally, she has dry skin and coarse hair. Her vital signs include a heart rate of 50 beats/min, blood pressure of 90/60 mmHg, respiratory rate of 10 breaths/min, temperature of 30°C, and oxygen saturation of 90% on air. What is the most probable diagnosis?
As you review the blood results of a 65-year-old man who has been diagnosed with hypertension, you notice that a HbA1c level was requested as part of the routine work-up. What HbA1c range would be indicative of prediabetes?