A 25-year-old female presents with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections over the past year. An abdominal ultrasound is performed and the results indicate normal size kidneys and no abnormalities in the urinary tract. The liver, spleen, and pancreas are also normal. The right ovary and uterus appear normal, but a 4 cm simple ovarian cyst is noted on the left ovary. What would be the most appropriate course of action?
A 55-year-old woman presents to urogynaecology with symptoms of urge incontinence. Despite attempting bladder retraining, her symptoms persist. The decision is made to prescribe a muscarinic antagonist. Can you identify an example of a medication that falls under this category?
A 65-year-old woman with a history of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease, difficult-to-manage hypertension, and incontinence presents to you with a complaint of increased urinary incontinence when coughing or sneezing after starting a new medication. Which of the following medications is the most likely culprit?
A 42-year-old woman presents to you with a complaint of unintentional urine leakage when she coughs for the past year. She denies any urgency to urinate. Despite trying various measures such as reducing caffeine intake, performing pelvic floor exercises, and achieving a BMI of 23 kg/m² from 29kg/m², she has only experienced minimal relief. She is hesitant to undergo surgery and is interested in exploring medication or other options. What medication is approved for treating stress incontinence?
A 49 year-old woman visits her doctor complaining of urinary incontinence that has been going on for nine months. Upon examination, her abdomen appears normal and urinalysis results are normal. The doctor diagnoses her with detrusor muscle over-activity and prescribes oxybutynin. What is the mechanism of action of oxybutynin?
A 55-year-old woman complains of urine leakage issues for the past six months. She reports frequent urination and difficulty reaching the toilet in time. She denies experiencing urine loss during coughing or sneezing. What is the best initial treatment option?
A 25-year-old man presents to the GP with a swelling in his scrotum. He is feeling well otherwise. Upon examination, there is a soft swelling on the right side of the scrotum that is painless and illuminates brightly with a pen torch. The swelling is localized to the scrotum, and the rest of the scrotum can be palpated above the mass. The testicle is palpable with no apparent mass. The patient is particularly concerned about the possibility of having testicular cancer.
What is the most probable diagnosis?
A 58-year-old woman complains of developing urinary incontinence. She reports no urinary urgency or pain, but experiences leakage of urine when she coughs or laughs. What is the best initial approach to manage this condition?
A 49-year-old man presents to his GP with a newly discovered lump in his scrotum. He noticed it a week ago while performing self-examination in the shower. He reports no recent injuries and is in good health otherwise. He has no significant medical or surgical history and is in a committed relationship. His vital signs are normal, and his abdomen is soft and nontender without any signs of an inguinal hernia. On examination, a small, painless mass is palpable just behind and separate from the right testicle. The left testicle appears normal. What is the most probable diagnosis?
A 68-year-old woman visits her GP with a complaint of urine leakage when she coughs, sneezes, or laughs. She has been experiencing this for the past year intermittently, but it has become more severe over the last two months. She has no dysuria or haematuria and is in good health with no abdominal symptoms. All three of her children were delivered vaginally. A urine dip and culture test came back negative. What is the probable diagnosis?