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  • Question 1 - Which condition is marked by an increased appetite and being overweight? ...

    Correct

    • Which condition is marked by an increased appetite and being overweight?

      Your Answer: Prader-Willi syndrome

      Explanation:

      Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Genetic Disorder with Unique Characteristics

      Prader-Willi Syndrome is a genetic disorder that occurs when there is a deletion of genetic material from the paternal chromosome 15. This condition is a classic example of imprinting, where the expression of certain genes is dependent on whether they are inherited from the mother of father. The syndrome is characterized by several unique features, including hyperphagia (excessive eating) and obesity, short stature, delayed puberty, hypogonadism, infertility, learning difficulties, and compulsive behavior such as skin picking.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      7
      Seconds
  • Question 2 - Who are the co-authors of the book 'Social origins of depression'? ...

    Incorrect

    • Who are the co-authors of the book 'Social origins of depression'?

      Your Answer: Michael Foucault

      Correct Answer: George Brown

      Explanation:

      The objective of the book ‘Social origins of Depression’ was to identify the societal elements that play a role in the onset of depression, particularly in women.

      History of major works in psychiatry
      Michel Foucault – Madness and civilization
      Sigmund Freud – The interpretation of dreams, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, The Psychopathology of everyday life
      Thomas Szasz – The myth of mental illness
      Erving Goffman – Asylums, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
      Ronald Laing – The divided self
      Emile Durkheim – Le suicide. Durkheim proposed social causes for suicide. Until his work was published, suicide had been thought of as an individual act only.
      Tom Main – The Ailment
      Jerome Frank – Persuasion and Healing
      George Brown and Tirril Harris – Social origins of depression

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Social Psychology
      6.3
      Seconds
  • Question 3 - A 25-year-old woman is distressed by the sensation of being watched and monitored....

    Correct

    • A 25-year-old woman is distressed by the sensation of being watched and monitored. She feels as though someone is always observing her actions and knows everything she does, especially right after she completes a task. What is the most appropriate term to describe this experience?

      Your Answer: Running commentary

      Explanation:

      Auditory Hallucinations: Running Commentary, Audible Thoughts, Thought Broadcast, and Thought Withdrawal

      Running commentary is a type of auditory hallucination that is classified as a first rank symptom. Patients who experience running commentary hear voices that comment on their activities. The commentary may occur before, during, of after the patient’s actions.

      Audible thoughts are another type of auditory hallucination where patients hear their own thoughts spoken aloud. They may hear people repeating their thoughts out loud just after they have thought them, answering their thoughts, of saying aloud what they are about to think. This can cause their thoughts to repeat the voices they hear.

      Thought broadcast is a passivity experience where patients believe that their thoughts are being taken away from their heads and widely broadcast. This is also classified as a first rank symptom.

      Thought withdrawal is another type of passivity experience where patients believe that their thoughts are being taken away from their heads against their will.

      It is important to note that these symptoms are often associated with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing these symptoms and improving the patient’s quality of life.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Descriptive Psychopathology
      29.2
      Seconds
  • Question 4 - Can excessive alcohol consumption lead to a decrease in white blood cell count?...

    Incorrect

    • Can excessive alcohol consumption lead to a decrease in white blood cell count?

      Your Answer: MCV

      Correct Answer: WBC

      Explanation:

      Alcohol Dependence Blood Profile

      Alcohol dependence can have a significant impact on an individual’s blood profile. Several markers tend to be elevated in individuals with alcohol dependence, including GGT, AST, MCV, and ALT. Among these markers, GGT is considered the most reliable indicator of recent alcohol use. This means that elevated levels of GGT in the blood can suggest that an individual has consumed alcohol recently.

      It is important to note that these blood markers may not be elevated in all individuals with alcohol dependence, and other factors can also contribute to changes in blood profile. However, monitoring these markers can be useful in assessing an individual’s alcohol use and identifying potential health risks associated with alcohol dependence. Healthcare professionals can use this information to develop appropriate treatment plans and support individuals in managing their alcohol use.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Classification And Assessment
      20.2
      Seconds
  • Question 5 - Which adult and child attachment style pairs are mismatched? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which adult and child attachment style pairs are mismatched?

      Your Answer: Resistant - Preoccupied

      Correct Answer: Enmeshed - Obsessed

      Explanation:

      Attachment (Ainsworth)

      Psychologist Mary Ainsworth developed the ‘Strange Situation procedure’ to study and categorize attachment in children aged 12 to 18 months. The procedure involves seven steps, including two separations and two reunions, and takes place in one room. The child’s attachment is classified into one of three styles: secure, anxious-resistant, and anxious-avoidant. A fourth category, disorganized, is sometimes observed. Ainsworth suggested that the child’s attachment style is determined by the primary caregiver’s behavior.

      Mary Main later developed the Adult Attachment Interview and identified four categories of attachment in adults that correspond to those observed in the strange situation. The distribution of adult attachment styles correlates with those of the strange situation, with 70% of children and adults having secure attachment. Attachment styles also seem to be passed on to subsequent generations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychological Development
      41.2
      Seconds
  • Question 6 - A teenager has stopped smoking and instead started using an e-cigarette. They are...

    Incorrect

    • A teenager has stopped smoking and instead started using an e-cigarette. They are initially pleased about this change but then are told that e-cigarettes also pose a risk to their health. They continue to smoke e-cigarettes but feel upset about the possible health risks. They then decide to stop smoking and immediately feel better.

      Which of the following is illustrated by this teenager's experience?

      Your Answer: Need for achievement

      Correct Answer: Cognitive dissonance

      Explanation:

      Chunking is a strategy that involves dividing complex tasks into smaller, more manageable chunks of subtasks. This approach can help alleviate unpleasant feelings that arise when faced with a task that seems overwhelming of difficult to complete.

      Cognitive Dissonance is a term used to describe the uncomfortable feeling that arises when there is a conflict between an individual’s attitudes, beliefs, of behaviors. This feeling can lead to a change in behavior of beliefs. The theory of cognitive dissonance suggests that people have an inner drive to maintain cognitive consistency and avoid dissonance. This drive can result in irrational of maladaptive behaviors. Dissonance can be reduced by changing attitudes, behaviors, of beliefs, acquiring new information, of reducing the importance of the cognitions. Overall, cognitive dissonance plays a significant role in shaping human behavior and decision-making.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Social Psychology
      30.5
      Seconds
  • Question 7 - How can the rights of patients be defined as an international statement? ...

    Incorrect

    • How can the rights of patients be defined as an international statement?

      Your Answer: Declaration of Geneva

      Correct Answer: Declaration of Lisbon

      Explanation:

      Declarations

      The World Medical Association has established global ethical standards through various declarations. These include:

      Declaration of Geneva: This declaration was created as a revision of the Hippocratic Oath after the atrocities committed in Nazi Germany.

      Declaration of Helsinki: This statement outlines ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.

      Declaration of Tokyo: This declaration states that doctors should not participate in, condone, of allow torture, degradation, of cruel treatment of prisoners of detainees.

      Declaration of Malta: This declaration provides guidance to doctors treating individuals on hunger strike.

      Declaration of Lisbon: This international statement outlines the rights of patients.

      Declaration of Ottawa: This declaration sets out the principles necessary for optimal child health.

      Each of these declarations serves as a guide for medical professionals to uphold ethical standards in their practice.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Social Psychology
      11.5
      Seconds
  • Question 8 - A 65-year-old individual reports experiencing a range of side effects after commencing a...

    Correct

    • A 65-year-old individual reports experiencing a range of side effects after commencing a combination of medications. Which of these symptoms would lead you to suspect that lithium is the culprit?

      Your Answer: Metallic taste

      Explanation:

      Lithium – Pharmacology

      Pharmacokinetics:
      Lithium salts are rapidly absorbed following oral administration and are almost exclusively excreted by the kidneys unchanged. Blood samples for lithium should be taken 12 hours post-dose.

      Ebstein’s:
      Ebstein’s anomaly is a congenital malformation consisting of a prolapse of the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. It occurs in 1:20,000 of the general population. Initial data suggested it was more common in those using lithium but this had not held to be true.

      Contraindications:
      Addison’s disease, Brugada syndrome, cardiac disease associated with rhythm disorders, clinically significant renal impairment, untreated of untreatable hypothyroidism, low sodium levels.

      Side-effects:
      Common side effects include nausea, tremor, polyuria/polydipsia, rash/dermatitis, blurred vision, dizziness, decreased appetite, drowsiness, metallic taste, and diarrhea. Side-effects are often dose-related.

      Long-term use is associated with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypercalcemia/hyperparathyroidism, irreversible nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and reduced GFR.

      Lithium-induced diabetes insipidus:
      Treatment options include stopping lithium (if feasible), keeping levels within 0.4-0.8 mmol/L, once-daily dose of the drug taken at bedtime, amiloride, thiazide diuretics, indomethacin, and desmopressin.

      Toxicity:
      Lithium salts have a narrow therapeutic/toxic ratio. Risk factors for lithium toxicity include drugs altering renal function, decreased circulating volume, infections, fever, decreased oral intake of water, renal insufficiency, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Features of lithium toxicity include GI symptoms and neuro symptoms.

      Pre-prescribing:
      Before prescribing lithium, renal function, cardiac function, thyroid function, FBC, and BMI should be checked. Women of childbearing age should be advised regarding contraception, and information about toxicity should be provided.

      Monitoring:
      Lithium blood levels should be checked weekly until stable, and then every 3-6 months once stable. Thyroid and renal function should be checked every 6 months. Patients should be issued with an information booklet, alert card, and record book.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychopharmacology
      29.1
      Seconds
  • Question 9 - With which concept is the 'phonological similarity effect' commonly associated? ...

    Correct

    • With which concept is the 'phonological similarity effect' commonly associated?

      Your Answer: Working memory

      Explanation:

      If you are familiar with the ‘phonological Loop’ component of the working memory, you may be able to deduce the meaning of the ‘phonological similarity effect’. This effect describes the difficulty in remembering words that sound alike. Additionally, the ‘word-length effect’ and ‘articulatory suppression’ are two other phenomena that involve the working memory.

      Memory Forms

      Memory is the ability to store, retain, and retrieve information. There are different forms of memory, including sensory memory, short-term/working memory, and long-term memory.

      Sensory memory is the capacity for briefly retaining the large amounts of information that people encounter daily. It includes echoic memory (gathered through auditory stimuli), iconic memory (gathered through sight), and haptic memory (acquired through touch).

      Short-term memory is the ability to keep a small amount of information available for a short period of time. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s multistore model (1968) suggests the existence of a short-term storehouse with limited capacity. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) further developed the concept of short-term memory, which eventually became known as Baddeley’s multi-storehouse model (2000). This model includes the central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, phonological buffer/loop, and episodic buffer.

      Long-term memory includes declarative (of explicit) memories, which can be consciously retrieved, and nondeclarative (of implicit) memories, which cannot. Declarative memory includes episodic memory (stores personal experiences) and semantic memory (stores information about facts and concepts). Non-declarative memory includes procedural memory (recalls motor and executive skills), associative memory (storage and retrieval of information through association with other information), and non-associative memory (refers to newly learned behavior through repeated exposure to an isolated stimulus).

      Overall, memory is a complex and essential cognitive function that plays a crucial role in learning, reasoning, and understanding.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Social Psychology
      12.1
      Seconds
  • Question 10 - What molecule binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor through allosteric regulation? ...

    Incorrect

    • What molecule binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor through allosteric regulation?

      Your Answer: Rivastigmine

      Correct Answer: Galantamine

      Explanation:

      Mechanisms of Action of Different Drugs

      Understanding the mechanisms of action of different drugs is crucial for medical professionals. It is a common topic in exams and can earn easy marks if studied well. This article provides a list of drugs and their mechanisms of action in different categories such as antidepressants, anti dementia drugs, mood stabilizers, anxiolytic/hypnotic drugs, antipsychotics, drugs of abuse, and other drugs. For example, mirtazapine is a noradrenaline and serotonin specific antidepressant that works as a 5HT2 antagonist, 5HT3 antagonist, H1 antagonist, alpha 1 and alpha 2 antagonist, and moderate muscarinic antagonist. Similarly, donepezil is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used as an anti dementia drug, while valproate is a GABA agonist and NMDA antagonist used as a mood stabilizer. The article also explains the mechanisms of action of drugs such as ketamine, phencyclidine, buprenorphine, naloxone, atomoxetine, varenicline, disulfiram, acamprosate, and sildenafil.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychopharmacology
      9.7
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Genetics (1/1) 100%
Social Psychology (1/4) 25%
Descriptive Psychopathology (1/1) 100%
Classification And Assessment (0/1) 0%
Psychological Development (0/1) 0%
Psychopharmacology (1/2) 50%
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