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  • Question 1 - A 50-year-old female patient presents to the vascular clinic for evaluation of varicose...

    Incorrect

    • A 50-year-old female patient presents to the vascular clinic for evaluation of varicose veins. During the assessment, a test is conducted to determine the site of incompetence. The patient is instructed to lie down, and her legs are raised to empty the veins. A constricting band is then placed below the sapheno-femoral junction, and the patient is asked to stand up to observe for varicose vein filling. What is the name of this test?

      Your Answer: Buerger's test

      Correct Answer: Tourniquet test

      Explanation:

      Tests for Varicose Veins and Arterial Insufficiency

      The Trendelenburg and tourniquet tests are both used to evaluate the site of incompetence in varicose veins at the sapheno-femoral junction. During the Trendelenburg test, the examiner applies pressure with their fingers over the junction, while in the tourniquet test, a tourniquet is placed just below the junction. If the veins fill rapidly upon standing, it suggests that the sapheno-femoral junction is not the source of the incompetence.

      Buerger’s test is used to assess the arterial circulation of the lower limb. The lower the angle at which blanching occurs, the more likely there is arterial insufficiency. This test is important in diagnosing peripheral artery disease.

      The ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) is another test used to assess arterial insufficiency. Blood pressure cuffs are used to measure the systolic blood pressure in the ankle and arm. The ratio of the two pressures is calculated, and a lower ratio indicates a higher degree of claudication.

      Finally, Perthe’s test is used to assess the patency of the deep femoral vein before varicose vein surgery. This test involves compressing the vein and observing the filling of the superficial veins. If the superficial veins fill quickly, it suggests that the deep femoral vein is patent and can be used for surgery.

      In summary, these tests are important in diagnosing and evaluating varicose veins and arterial insufficiency. They help healthcare professionals determine the best course of treatment for their patients.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      24.2
      Seconds
  • Question 2 - Which of the following would not increase the rate of diffusion of a...

    Correct

    • Which of the following would not increase the rate of diffusion of a substance across a lipid membrane such as the cell wall?

      Your Answer: Thickness of the membrane

      Explanation:

      Diffusion and Fick’s Law

      Diffusion is a natural process that occurs when molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This process is passive and random, meaning that it does not require any external energy input. Fick’s Law states that diffusion occurs more quickly across a large, permeable, and thin membrane. For example, in lung disease, the thickening of the alveolar epithelial barrier can lead to a poor carbon monoxide transfer coefficient because the thicker membrane slows down the diffusion process. the principles of diffusion and Fick’s Law can help us better understand how molecules move and interact in various biological and chemical processes. By optimizing the conditions for diffusion, we can improve the efficiency of many natural and artificial systems.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      17
      Seconds
  • Question 3 - What are the typical clinical manifestations of a deficiency in vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)?...

    Correct

    • What are the typical clinical manifestations of a deficiency in vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)?

      Your Answer: Sensory neuropathy

      Explanation:

      The Importance of Pyridoxine in the Body

      Pyridoxine is a group of B-vitamins that are crucial in various bodily functions. They act as essential cofactors in many reactions, particularly in the metabolism of amino acids and neurotransmitters. Pyridoxine also plays a role in regulating gene transcription and controlling steroid hormones.

      The body can produce pyridoxine through bacterial flora in the gut, and it is also present in many dietary sources. However, overheating certain foods can destroy pyridoxine, and some medications can alter its metabolism. Pyridoxine is also used therapeutically to prevent neuropathy in the treatment of tuberculosis.

      Deficiency in pyridoxine can lead to sensory neuropathy, skin changes, and damage to mucous membranes. On the other hand, deficiency in vitamin C can cause gingivitis and increased bleeding, while vitamin K deficiency can also lead to bleeding. Sleep disturbance is rarely attributed to vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency.

      In summary, pyridoxine is a vital nutrient that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. Its deficiency can lead to various health problems, highlighting the importance of maintaining adequate levels of this vitamin in the body.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      14.6
      Seconds
  • Question 4 - A premature baby is born and the anaesthetists are struggling to ventilate the...

    Correct

    • A premature baby is born and the anaesthetists are struggling to ventilate the lungs because of insufficient surfactant. How does Laplace's law explain the force pushing inwards on the walls of the alveolus caused by surface tension between two static fluids, such as air and water in the alveolus?

      Your Answer: Inversely proportional to the radius of the alveolus

      Explanation:

      The Relationship between Alveolar Size and Surface Tension in Respiratory Physiology

      In respiratory physiology, the alveolus is often represented as a perfect sphere to apply Laplace’s law. According to this law, there is an inverse relationship between the size of the alveolus and the surface tension. This means that smaller alveoli experience greater force than larger alveoli for a given surface tension, and they will collapse first. This phenomenon explains why, when two balloons are attached together by their ends, the smaller balloon will empty into the bigger balloon.

      In the lungs, this same principle applies to lung units, causing atelectasis and collapse when surfactant is not present. Surfactant is a substance that reduces surface tension, making it easier to expand the alveoli and preventing smaller alveoli from collapsing. Therefore, surfactant plays a crucial role in maintaining the proper functioning of the lungs and preventing respiratory distress. the relationship between alveolar size and surface tension is essential in respiratory physiology and can help in the development of treatments for lung diseases.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      18.4
      Seconds
  • Question 5 - While taking a patient's medical history, you discover that their family has a...

    Correct

    • While taking a patient's medical history, you discover that their family has a strong history of a certain disease. Autosomal dominant diseases are often caused by defects in structural genes and typically present in early adulthood, affecting both males and females equally. Which of the following diseases does not follow an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance?

      Your Answer: Haemochromatosis

      Explanation:

      Abnormal Binding Proteins and Iron Deposition: A Genetic Disorder

      Abnormal binding proteins can lead to the deposition of iron in the body, resulting in various health complications. This genetic disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The deposition of iron can cause cardiomyopathy, cirrhosis, pancreatic failure due to fibrosis, and skin pigmentation.

      In general, disorders that affect metabolism or DNA replication on a cellular or genetic level tend to be autosomal recessive. On the other hand, genetic disorders that affect the structure of the body on a larger level are usually autosomal dominant. While there may be exceptions to these rules, they can serve as a helpful guide for exam preparation. Proper of this genetic disorder can aid in its diagnosis and management.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      26.6
      Seconds
  • Question 6 - What is the conversion of pyruvate before it enters the Krebs cycle? ...

    Correct

    • What is the conversion of pyruvate before it enters the Krebs cycle?

      Your Answer: Acetyl-CoA

      Explanation:

      The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrion and involves the conversion of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate. This cycle produces six NADH, two FADH, and two ATP for each molecule of glucose. Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA before entering the Krebs cycle, and water and carbon dioxide are end products. Acetic acid itself has no role in the cycle, but its acetyl group is used to form acetyl-CoA. Some anaerobic bacteria can convert sugars to acetic acid directly.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      6.7
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  • Question 7 - What is the primary role of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the primary role of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

      Your Answer: To compartmentalise chromosomes during cell division

      Correct Answer: To regulate gene transcription and translation

      Explanation:

      The Nucleus: Control Centre of the Cell

      The nucleus is the control centre of the cell, responsible for regulating gene transcription from DNA into mRNA and from mRNA into peptide/protein synthesis. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-enclosed organised nucleus, while prokaryotic cells lack this structure. The nuclear structure consists of an outer and inner nuclear membrane that form the nuclear envelope, which has nuclear pores allowing the movement of water-soluble molecules. Inside the nucleus is the nucleoplasm containing the nuclear lamina, a dense fibrillar network that acts as a skeleton and regulates DNA replication and cell division. The nucleus also contains nucleoli, structures involved in the formation of ribosomes responsible for mRNA translation.

      Although the incorrect answer options above describe processes in which the nucleus is involved, none of them constitutes its main function within the cell.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      16.5
      Seconds
  • Question 8 - A couple in their late 30s come to the clinic seeking information about...

    Incorrect

    • A couple in their late 30s come to the clinic seeking information about the risk of their three children inheriting Huntington's disease. The husband has recently been diagnosed with the disease, while the wife is not affected. What is the likelihood, expressed as a percentage, that their children will inherit the disease?

      Your Answer: 25%

      Correct Answer: 50%

      Explanation:

      Huntington’s Disease

      Huntington’s disease is a genetic disorder that typically appears later in life and is characterized by symptoms such as chorea, cognitive decline, and personality changes. It is an autosomal dominant disease, meaning that there is a 50% chance of passing it on to offspring. If the gene is inherited from an unaffected parent, the child will not be affected. This is different from autosomal recessive inheritance, where both parents must pass on the gene for it to affect their children.

      The disease is caused by an increase in the length of a repeating trinucleotide sequence (CAG) in the Huntington protein. This sequence can change in length through generations, and longer sequences are associated with earlier onset of symptoms (genetic anticipation). Since Huntington’s disease usually presents itself after people have already started their families, there are many issues associated with genetic testing.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      25.1
      Seconds
  • Question 9 - What is the primary function of riboflavin in the B vitamin group? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the primary function of riboflavin in the B vitamin group?

      Your Answer: Cardiac action potential generation

      Correct Answer: Mopping up free radicals

      Explanation:

      The Role of Riboflavin in the Body

      Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a B-vitamin that plays a crucial role in the body. One of its functions is to act as an antioxidant, mopping up free radicals that can cause damage to cells. However, if the metabolites formed during this process are not excreted promptly, the free radicals can be generated again. Riboflavin is also involved in the production of blue-light sensitive pigments in the eye, which help establish the circadian rhythm. This function is not related to visual acuity.

      Riboflavin is found in a variety of foods, including milk and offal. Deficiency of this vitamin is rare, but when it does occur, it can cause non-specific effects on the skin and mucous membranes. There is no evidence of clear long-lasting damage from riboflavin deficiency. Overall, riboflavin is an important nutrient that plays a vital role in maintaining good health.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      11.4
      Seconds
  • Question 10 - The arrangement of amphipathic phospholipids in the mammalian cell membrane, what is it...

    Correct

    • The arrangement of amphipathic phospholipids in the mammalian cell membrane, what is it like?

      Your Answer: A lipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing out and hydrophobic tails facing in

      Explanation:

      The Function and Structure of the Mammalian Cell Membrane

      The mammalian cell membrane serves as a protective barrier that separates the cytoplasm from the extracellular environment. It also acts as a filter for molecules that move across it. Unlike plant and prokaryotic cells, mammalian cells do not have a cell wall. The main component of the cell membrane is a bilayer of amphipathic lipids, which have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. The phospholipids in the bilayer are oriented with their hydrophilic heads facing outward and their hydrophobic tails facing inward. This arrangement allows for the separation of the watery extracellular environment from the watery intracellular compartment.

      It is important to note that the cell membrane is not a monolayer and the phospholipids are not linked head-to-tail. This is in contrast to DNA, which has a helical chain formation. Overall, the structure and function of the mammalian cell membrane are crucial for maintaining the integrity and proper functioning of the cell.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Sciences
      29
      Seconds

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