-
Question 1
Incorrect
-
What are the defining features of an amino acid?
Your Answer: It contains an amino group, - NH2
Correct Answer: It has the formula H2N - CHR - COOH where R is the variable group
Explanation:The Versatility of Amino Acids and its Applications in Electrophoresis
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are composed of a basic structure of H2N – CHR – COOH, where R represents the variable group that distinguishes one amino acid from another. The simplest amino acid is glycine, where the R group is just H. Amino acids are capable of forming complex and useful molecules due to their dipolar or amphoteric nature, which makes them simultaneously acidic and basic. In solution, they form zwitterions, which can act as either an acid or a base depending on the pH of the solution. This versatility of amino acids is what allows for the process of electrophoresis, which separates proteins based on their charge in a solution. By using solutions of different pH, different proteins can be assessed, making it a useful tool in the diagnosis of bone marrow malignancies like myeloma.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
-
-
Question 2
Incorrect
-
A couple in their late 20s comes to your clinic seeking advice regarding the possibility of their children inheriting cystic fibrosis. The husband has a confirmed diagnosis of the condition, but the carrier status of the wife is unknown.
What is the likelihood of any of their offspring being affected by cystic fibrosis?Your Answer: 50%
Correct Answer: 2.50%
Explanation:Cystic Fibrosis Inheritance
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects the chloride ion channels, leading to the thickening of respiratory and other secretions. It is an autosomal recessive condition, which means that a person must inherit two copies of the defective gene, one from each parent, to develop the disease. The most common defective allele is carried by approximately 1 in 20 people.
If a man with CF has children with a woman who does not carry the recessive gene, then none of their children will be affected by the disease. However, they will all be carriers of the CF gene. On the other hand, if the woman is a carrier of the CF gene, there is a 50% chance that each child will inherit one copy of the defective gene from each parent and be affected by the disease. The remaining 50% of the children will inherit one copy of the defective gene and one normal gene, making them carriers of the CF gene but not affected by the disease.
In summary, the probability of any child being affected by CF is 2.5% if one parent has the defective gene and the other does not. It is important for individuals who are carriers of the CF gene to be aware of their status and seek genetic counseling before planning to have children.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
-
-
Question 3
Correct
-
What is the primary role of the nuclear membrane?
Your Answer: To regulate transport of molecules in and out of the nucleus
Explanation:The Role of the Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope in Cell Function
The nucleus is a crucial component of eukaryotic cells, serving as the control centre for the cell. It is characterised by a membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell’s chromosomes and is heavily involved in regulating gene transcription and protein synthesis. The nuclear envelope, which consists of an outer and inner membrane, plays a critical role in regulating the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus. This is achieved through nuclear pores on the surface of the envelope, which allow the passage of water-soluble molecules. While the incorrect answer options describe minor roles of the nuclear envelope, its primary function is to act as a regulatory barrier for anything that enters or exits the nucleus. Overall, the nucleus and nuclear envelope are essential components of cell function, playing a critical role in regulating gene expression and maintaining cellular homeostasis.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
-
-
Question 4
Correct
-
What significance do leucine, lysine, and phenylalanine hold?
Your Answer: They are essential amino acids
Explanation:Essential Amino Acids and their Importance in the Diet
There are approximately 20 essential amino acids that are crucial for human health. These amino acids are considered essential because the body cannot produce them on its own and they must be obtained through the diet. While some of these essential amino acids can be used to create other non-essential amino acids, they are still necessary for overall health and wellbeing.
Some examples of essential amino acids include histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. However, the amount of these essential amino acids can vary depending on the type of dietary protein consumed. Additionally, cooking or preserving proteins can alter the amino acid composition, making them less effective for the body.
In summary, essential amino acids play a vital role in maintaining human health and must be obtained through the diet. the importance of these amino acids and their sources can help individuals make informed decisions about their dietary choices.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
-
-
Question 5
Incorrect
-
The arrangement of amphipathic phospholipids in the mammalian cell membrane, what is it like?
Your Answer: A lipid bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing out with a hydrophilic head facing in
Correct Answer: A lipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing out and hydrophobic tails facing in
Explanation:The Function and Structure of the Mammalian Cell Membrane
The mammalian cell membrane serves as a protective barrier that separates the cytoplasm from the extracellular environment. It also acts as a filter for molecules that move across it. Unlike plant and prokaryotic cells, mammalian cells do not have a cell wall. The main component of the cell membrane is a bilayer of amphipathic lipids, which have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. The phospholipids in the bilayer are oriented with their hydrophilic heads facing outward and their hydrophobic tails facing inward. This arrangement allows for the separation of the watery extracellular environment from the watery intracellular compartment.
It is important to note that the cell membrane is not a monolayer and the phospholipids are not linked head-to-tail. This is in contrast to DNA, which has a helical chain formation. Overall, the structure and function of the mammalian cell membrane are crucial for maintaining the integrity and proper functioning of the cell.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
-
-
Question 6
Correct
-
What is the most common method of assessing nutritional status in adults?
Your Answer: Body mass index
Explanation:The Body Mass Index as a Measure of Nutritional Status
The measurement and assessment of nutritional status can be challenging, and there is no single test that can provide a complete picture. However, the body mass index (BMI) is a commonly used measurement in clinical practice. The BMI is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by their height in meters squared. This measure is used to assess adiposity and nutritional status, and it is simple and quick to calculate and interpret.
Although the BMI is a convenient measure, it has limitations for assessing obesity in individual patients. It is best used to track trends in an individual patient’s BMI over time. In some cases, the BMI may overestimate fat mass in patients who are very tall or have a high proportion of lean tissue due to an active lifestyle. Additionally, the BMI may not be accurate for athletes and children.
Other measurements, such as skin fold thickness and weight, can also be useful, but the BMI is generally considered the better option. The ponderal index is used specifically for children. It is important to note that albumin is not a reliable marker of nutritional status, as it can also be affected by inflammation.
Overall, the BMI is a widely used measure of nutritional status and is recommended by the World Health Organization. However, it is important to consider its limitations and use it in conjunction with other measurements to obtain a more complete picture of a patient’s nutritional status.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
-
-
Question 7
Incorrect
-
As part of your general practice placement, you have been tasked with conducting an audit on the duration of solid food introduction in the practice population. You review the data for the last six infants born within the practice:
6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months.
What is the variance value for the duration of solid food introduction in the practice population?Your Answer: 8.6
Correct Answer: 74.9
Explanation:Variance and Standard Deviation in Breast Feeding Duration
Variance is a statistical measure that indicates how spread out a set of data is. In the case of breast feeding duration, variance can help us understand how much the duration varies from the mean. The formula for variance involves squaring the difference between each data point and the mean, then dividing the sum by n-1, where n is the total number of data points. In a sample population, n-1 is a better estimate of variance than n because it accounts for the variability within the sample.
For example, if the variance of breast feeding duration is 74.9 months, this indicates that the duration is widely distributed from the mean of 17.6 months. A smaller variance, such as 4.5 months, would indicate that the duration varies less and is closer to the mean. The standard deviation, which is the square root of the variance, is also important in the spread of data. In a normal distribution, 95% of observations will fall within two standard deviations of the mean.
In the case of breast feeding duration, the mean is 17.6 months, indicating that babies are breast fed for an average of 15 and a half months. The median, which is the middle number in the data set, is 15 months, meaning that half of the babies were breast fed for 15 months. variance and standard deviation can help us better understand the distribution of breast feeding duration and other medical measurements.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
-
-
Question 8
Incorrect
-
What occurs in eukaryotic prophase?
Your Answer: The cell duplicates its DNA and centrosome
Correct Answer: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Explanation:The Stages of Prophase in Eukaryotic Mitosis
Prophase is the first stage of eukaryotic mitosis, except for plant cells which have a preprophase stage. During prophase, the cell’s chromatin, which is made up of DNA and associated proteins, condenses into double rod-shaped structures called chromosomes. This process is facilitated by the condensin protein I and/or II complexes. As the chromosomes form, the nuclear membrane and nucleoli disintegrate and disappear, making the chromatin visible.
Before prophase, the cell’s DNA is replicated during interphase, resulting in identical pairs of chromosomes called chromatids. These chromatids attach to each other at a DNA element called the centromere. DNA and centrosome duplication occur during interphase, while chromosome alignment takes place during metaphase. The nuclear membrane and nucleoli re-form during telophase, and the sister chromatids separate during anaphase.
In summary, prophase is the initial stage of eukaryotic mitosis where chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear. Chromosome alignment, DNA and centrosome duplication, and re-formation of the nuclear membrane and nucleoli occur in subsequent stages.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
-
-
Question 9
Correct
-
What is the term for the process described below in laboratory testing?
Enzymes are immobilised on a solid surface, such as a bead or well, and allowed to come into contact with the sample. After washing, another enzyme is added with a label allowing quantitation of the analyte.Your Answer: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Explanation:ELISA: A Common Immunoassay in Medical Diagnostic Testing
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a type of immunoassay that is widely used in medical diagnostic testing. This method uses antibodies to identify and/or quantify the analyte being tested. The ELISA process involves several steps, including coating a plate with the antigen, adding the patient’s sample, washing the plate to remove any unbound material, adding an enzyme-linked antibody, washing the plate again, and adding a substrate to produce a measurable signal.
Over time, many modifications have been made to the ELISA, making it a versatile tool in the laboratory for measuring various analytes. Some of the substances that can be measured using immunoassays include thyroid hormone, testosterone, oestrogen, troponin, and vitamin D. The ELISA has been around for a long time and is still widely used today due to its accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
-
-
Question 10
Incorrect
-
While taking a patient's medical history, you discover that their family has a strong history of a certain disease. Autosomal dominant diseases are often caused by defects in structural genes and typically present in early adulthood, affecting both males and females equally. Which of the following diseases does not follow an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance?
Your Answer: Marfan's syndrome
Correct Answer: Haemochromatosis
Explanation:Abnormal Binding Proteins and Iron Deposition: A Genetic Disorder
Abnormal binding proteins can lead to the deposition of iron in the body, resulting in various health complications. This genetic disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The deposition of iron can cause cardiomyopathy, cirrhosis, pancreatic failure due to fibrosis, and skin pigmentation.
In general, disorders that affect metabolism or DNA replication on a cellular or genetic level tend to be autosomal recessive. On the other hand, genetic disorders that affect the structure of the body on a larger level are usually autosomal dominant. While there may be exceptions to these rules, they can serve as a helpful guide for exam preparation. Proper of this genetic disorder can aid in its diagnosis and management.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
-
00
Correct
00
Incorrect
00
:
00
:
00
Session Time
00
:
00
Average Question Time (
Mins)