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Question 1
Correct
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Of which cellular structure is the fibrillar centre a component?
Your Answer: The nucleolus
Explanation:The Fibrillar Centre in the Nucleolus
The fibrillar centre is a crucial component of the nucleolus, which is found in most metazoan nucleoli, particularly in higher eukaryotes. Along with the dense fibrillar components and the granular component, it forms the three major components of the nucleolus. During the end of mitosis, the fibrillar centre serves as a storage point for nucleolar ribosomal chromatin and associated ribonucleoprotein transcripts. As the nucleolus becomes active, the ribosomal chromatin and ribonucleoprotein transcripts begin to form the dense fibrillar components, which are more peripherally located and surround the fibrillar centres. The transcription zone for multiple copies of the pre-rRNA genes is the border between these two structures. It is important to note that the fibrillar centre is not a component of any of the cell structures mentioned in the incorrect answer options.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 2
Correct
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The diabetes prevention program has been running for the last 5 years. At baseline, a well conducted study with a sample size of 500 showed that the prevalence of diabetes among adults aged 40 and above was 15%.
Five years later another survey (of 400 responders) showed that the prevalence of diabetes was 10%.
In the above example, which definition of prevalence is correct?Your Answer: Prevalence is the number of new and old smokers in a year
Explanation:Prevalence and Incidence in Smoking
Prevalence and incidence are two important concepts in the smoking habits of a population. Prevalence refers to the number of people who smoke at a particular time point, such as at the beginning or end of a study period. This is calculated by dividing the number of smokers by the total population.
On the other hand, incidence refers to the number of new cases of smoking at a particular time point. For example, this could be at the beginning of a study period for the whole year or at the 10th year. This is calculated by dividing the number of new smokers by the number of smoke-free individuals who are potentially at risk of taking up smoking.
prevalence and incidence is important in evaluating the effectiveness of smoking cessation programs and policies. By tracking changes in prevalence and incidence over time, researchers and policymakers can determine whether their efforts are making a difference in reducing smoking rates. Additionally, these concepts can help identify populations that are at higher risk of taking up smoking, allowing for targeted interventions to prevent smoking initiation.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 3
Incorrect
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To what type of cell can mesenchymal stem cells transform?
Your Answer: White blood cells
Correct Answer: Osteoblasts
Explanation:Mesenchymal Cells: The Stem Cells of the Human Skeleton
Mesenchymal cells are the primary stem cells of the human skeleton. These multipotent cells originate in the bone marrow and have the ability to differentiate into various cell types. Osteoblasts, responsible for bone formation, chondrocytes, which give rise to cartilage, and adipocytes, specialized in storing energy as fat, are some of the cells that mesenchymal cells can produce. Muscle cells, or myocytes, arise from muscle satellite cells, while skin cells come from epithelial stem cells. Neurons mostly arise from neural stem cells, although some may come from astrocytes. White blood cells, on the other hand, come from hematopoietic stem cells. Mesenchymal cells play a crucial role in the maintenance and repair of the human skeleton, making them an essential area of study in regenerative medicine.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 4
Correct
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What significance do leucine, lysine, and phenylalanine hold?
Your Answer: They are essential amino acids
Explanation:Essential Amino Acids and their Importance in the Diet
There are approximately 20 essential amino acids that are crucial for human health. These amino acids are considered essential because the body cannot produce them on its own and they must be obtained through the diet. While some of these essential amino acids can be used to create other non-essential amino acids, they are still necessary for overall health and wellbeing.
Some examples of essential amino acids include histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. However, the amount of these essential amino acids can vary depending on the type of dietary protein consumed. Additionally, cooking or preserving proteins can alter the amino acid composition, making them less effective for the body.
In summary, essential amino acids play a vital role in maintaining human health and must be obtained through the diet. the importance of these amino acids and their sources can help individuals make informed decisions about their dietary choices.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 5
Incorrect
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Which form of vitamin D is the most active in the human body?
Your Answer: Cholecalciferol
Correct Answer: 1, 25 (OH) 2 vitamin D
Explanation:The Process of Vitamin D Production and Activation
Vitamin D comes in two forms, D2 and D3. D3 can be produced in the skin through a reaction that requires UV light, while D2 cannot. Both forms can also be obtained through diet, with some foods now being supplemented with Vitamin D. However, the production of Vitamin D3 in the skin can be affected by various factors such as seasons, latitude, clothing, sun block, and skin tone, making it difficult for individuals to get adequate levels of Vitamin D through sunlight alone, especially in the UK during winter.
Once absorbed into the lymph, Vitamin D2 and D3 circulate in the bloodstream and reach the liver. Here, the liver enzyme 25-hydroxylase adds an OH group to the Vitamin D molecule, resulting in 25(OH) Vitamin D. The compound then travels to the kidney, where the enzyme 1-alpha hydroxylase adds another OH group, creating the active form of Vitamin D, 1,25 (OH)2Vitamin D. When there is enough of this active form, an inactive metabolite called 24,25 (OH)2Vitamin D is produced instead. this process is important in ensuring adequate Vitamin D levels for overall health and well-being.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 6
Correct
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What RNA base pairs with adenine when synthesizing a complementary RNA strand from DNA, using RNA polymerase to split the helix at specific points?
Your Answer: Uracil
Explanation:Differences between DNA and RNA
DNA and RNA differ in several ways. The primary sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA it is ribose. Additionally, DNA is double stranded, while RNA is single stranded. This single stranded structure with un-paired bases allows for transcription to occur when the DNA bases are freed. Each base has a specific pairing, with guanine always binding to cytosine and adenine always binding to thymine in the DNA strand. During transcription, the same complementary RNA bases assemble with the DNA bases, except for thymine, which is not an RNA base. Instead, uracil serves as the RNA pyrimidine base equivalent of thymine. Finally, lysine is an amino acid coded for by the RNA base triplet AAA, where A represents adenine.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 7
Correct
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What is the composition of enzymes found in lysosomes?
Your Answer: Acid hydrolases
Explanation:Lysosomes: The Digestive System of the Cell
Lysosomes are organelles that come from the Golgi apparatus and are enclosed by a membrane. They are responsible for breaking down various biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Lysosomes contain acid hydrolases, which are enzymes that cleave chemical bonds by adding water and function at an acidic pH of around 5. They are involved in digesting foreign agents that are internalized by the cell and breaking down other cellular organelles like mitochondria, allowing for their components to be recycled.
The acidic pH within lysosomes is maintained by a proton pump in the lysosomal membrane, which imports protons from the cytosol coupled to ATP hydrolysis. This acidic environment is necessary for the activity of the acid hydrolases. D-amino acid oxidases and peroxidases are not found in lysosomes but in peroxisomes. Alcohol dehydrogenases and ATPases are not involved in digestion but in other cellular functions. Alcohol dehydrogenases catalyze the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones with the reduction of NAD+ to NADH, while ATPases catalyze the breakdown of ATP into ADP and a phosphate ion, releasing energy for the cell’s functions.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 8
Correct
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As part of your general practice placement, you have been tasked with conducting an audit on the duration of solid food introduction in the practice population. You review the data for the last six infants born within the practice:
6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months.
What is the variance value for the duration of solid food introduction in the practice population?Your Answer: 74.9
Explanation:Variance and Standard Deviation in Breast Feeding Duration
Variance is a statistical measure that indicates how spread out a set of data is. In the case of breast feeding duration, variance can help us understand how much the duration varies from the mean. The formula for variance involves squaring the difference between each data point and the mean, then dividing the sum by n-1, where n is the total number of data points. In a sample population, n-1 is a better estimate of variance than n because it accounts for the variability within the sample.
For example, if the variance of breast feeding duration is 74.9 months, this indicates that the duration is widely distributed from the mean of 17.6 months. A smaller variance, such as 4.5 months, would indicate that the duration varies less and is closer to the mean. The standard deviation, which is the square root of the variance, is also important in the spread of data. In a normal distribution, 95% of observations will fall within two standard deviations of the mean.
In the case of breast feeding duration, the mean is 17.6 months, indicating that babies are breast fed for an average of 15 and a half months. The median, which is the middle number in the data set, is 15 months, meaning that half of the babies were breast fed for 15 months. variance and standard deviation can help us better understand the distribution of breast feeding duration and other medical measurements.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 9
Correct
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What stage of cellular respiration is responsible for the production of pyruvic acid?
Your Answer: Glycolysis
Explanation:The Versatility of Pyruvic Acid in Cellular Metabolism
Pyruvic acid is a simple alpha-keto acid that plays a crucial role in several metabolic pathways within the cell. It serves as a central intersection where different pathways converge and diverge. One of the primary ways pyruvic acid is produced is through glycolysis, where glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid. Depending on the cell’s needs, pyruvic acid can be converted back into glucose through gluconeogenesis or used to synthesize fatty acids through the acetyl-CoA pathway. Additionally, pyruvic acid can be used to produce the amino acid alanine.
Pyruvic acid is also involved in respiration, where it enters the Krebs cycle under aerobic conditions. This cycle produces energy in the form of ATP, which is used by the cell for various functions. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvic acid can ferment into lactic acid, which is used by some organisms as a source of energy.
In summary, pyruvic acid is a versatile molecule that plays a critical role in cellular metabolism. Its ability to be converted into different molecules depending on the cell’s needs makes it an essential component of many metabolic pathways.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 10
Correct
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A 65-year-old patient with suspected spinal cord compression has been admitted to the neurosurgical team for an urgent MRI of the spine. Which particle's magnetic properties does magnetic resonance imaging rely predominantly upon?
Your Answer: Hydrogen ion (proton)
Explanation:How MRI Scanners Use Hydrogen Ions to Create Images
MRI scanners use the magnetic properties of hydrogen ions, also known as protons, to create images of the human body. These protons have nuclear spin, which means they have magnetic vectors that can be aligned in an electromagnet. The scanner bombards the protons with radiofrequency radiation, causing them to release energy when they return to their resting state. This energy release is recorded and used to construct the MRI image.
While other nuclei, such as carbon 13, also have nuclear spin and could be used in MRI imaging, hydrogen ions are much more abundant in human tissues. This makes them the preferred choice for creating images of the body. The process of aligning the magnetic vectors of the protons and then recording their energy release is repeated many times to create a detailed image of the body’s internal structures.
Overall, MRI scanners use the magnetic properties of hydrogen ions to create detailed images of the human body. This non-invasive imaging technique has revolutionized medical diagnosis and treatment, allowing doctors to see inside the body without the need for surgery.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 11
Incorrect
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You encounter a patient in the Emergency department who has been in a severe car accident. You need to insert a venous cannula for aggressive fluid resuscitation. Applying the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, you select a cannula with appropriate dimensions for maximum flow into the vein.
As per this law, which of the following statements is correct?Your Answer: Flow will be faster through a longer cannula
Correct Answer: Flow will be faster through a shorter cannula
Explanation:Poiseuille’s Equation and Fluid Flow in Cylinders
Poiseuille’s equation is used to describe the flow of non-pulsatile laminar fluids through a cylinder. The equation states that the flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure driving the fluid and the fourth power of the radius. Additionally, it is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid and the length of the tube. This means that a short, wide cannula with pressure on the bag will deliver fluids more rapidly than a long, narrow one.
It is important to note that even small changes in the radius of a tube can greatly affect the flow rate. This is because the fourth power of the radius is used in the equation. Therefore, any changes in the radius will have a significant impact on the flow rate. Poiseuille’s equation is crucial in determining the optimal conditions for fluid delivery in medical settings.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 12
Correct
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What occurs in eukaryotic prophase?
Your Answer: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Explanation:The Stages of Prophase in Eukaryotic Mitosis
Prophase is the first stage of eukaryotic mitosis, except for plant cells which have a preprophase stage. During prophase, the cell’s chromatin, which is made up of DNA and associated proteins, condenses into double rod-shaped structures called chromosomes. This process is facilitated by the condensin protein I and/or II complexes. As the chromosomes form, the nuclear membrane and nucleoli disintegrate and disappear, making the chromatin visible.
Before prophase, the cell’s DNA is replicated during interphase, resulting in identical pairs of chromosomes called chromatids. These chromatids attach to each other at a DNA element called the centromere. DNA and centrosome duplication occur during interphase, while chromosome alignment takes place during metaphase. The nuclear membrane and nucleoli re-form during telophase, and the sister chromatids separate during anaphase.
In summary, prophase is the initial stage of eukaryotic mitosis where chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear. Chromosome alignment, DNA and centrosome duplication, and re-formation of the nuclear membrane and nucleoli occur in subsequent stages.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 13
Incorrect
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A 50-year-old female patient with varicose veins presents to the vascular clinic for evaluation.
During the assessment, a test is conducted to determine the location of incompetence. The patient is instructed to lie down, and the veins are emptied by elevating her legs off the couch. The examiner then identifies the site of the sapheno-femoral junction and applies pressure with their fingers. The patient is then asked to stand up to evaluate vein filling.
What is the name of this test?Your Answer: Ankle brachial pressure index
Correct Answer: Trendelenburg's test
Explanation:Assessing Varicose Vein Site of Incompetence
The Trendelenburg and tourniquet tests are both used to evaluate the site of incompetence in varicose veins at the sapheno-femoral junction. During the Trendelenburg test, the examiner applies pressure with their fingers over the junction site, while in the tourniquet test, a tourniquet is placed just below the junction level.
If the veins fill quickly upon standing, it indicates that the sapheno-femoral junction is not the source of the incompetence. These tests are essential in determining the location of the varicose vein site of incompetence, which is crucial in planning the appropriate treatment. By identifying the site of incompetence, physicians can perform targeted interventions to improve venous function and alleviate symptoms. Therefore, the Trendelenburg and tourniquet tests are valuable tools in the diagnosis and management of varicose veins.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 14
Correct
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What is the final product of glycolysis besides ATP?
Your Answer: Pyruvate
Explanation:Glycolysis: The Energy-Producing Reaction
Glycolysis is a crucial energy-producing reaction that converts glucose into pyruvate while releasing energy to create ATP and NADH+. It is one of the three major carbohydrate reactions, along with the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. The reaction involves ten enzymatic steps that provide entry points to glycolysis, allowing for a variety of starting points. The most common starting point is glucose or glycogen, which produces glucose-6-phosphate.
Glycolysis occurs in two phases: the preparatory (or investment) phase and the pay-off phase. In the preparatory phase, ATP is consumed to start the reaction, while in the pay-off phase, ATP is produced. Glycolysis can be either aerobic or anaerobic, but it does not require nor consume oxygen.
Although other molecules are involved in glycolysis at some stage, none of them form its end product. Lactic acid is associated with anaerobic glycolysis. glycolysis is essential for how the body produces energy from carbohydrates.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 15
Correct
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In scientific experimentation, what is the term used to describe the movement of charged particles or solutes in a liquid medium due to an electric field?
Your Answer: Electrophoresis
Explanation:Electrophoresis: Separating Molecules Based on Charge and Mass
Electrophoresis is a technique that separates solutes, molecules, or nucleic acids based on their mass and charge. It involves the migration of charged particles in a liquid medium under the influence of an electric field. The apparatus consists of two electrodes placed at either end of a support medium, or gel, which is suspended in a buffer solution. The sample is inserted into a well and a current is applied. Over time, positively charged solutes move towards the negative electrode, while negatively charged substances move towards the positive electrode. Once the migration is complete, the gel is removed and stained to color the substance being tested for, such as protein.
This technique is widely used in medical testing, but it requires a higher degree of operational and interpretive skill than many other tests, which is why it often takes longer to get a result. Electrophoresis has various uses and adaptations, such as standard electrophoresis for protein detection in the diagnosis of myeloma, identification of unusual lipid fractions in patients with inherited diseases, and detection of viral DNA through Southern Blotting. There is also Northern blotting, primarily a research technique at present, which uses electrophoresis to separate RNA. Additionally, Western blotting is used to test for the presence of antibodies to DNA through protein separation.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 16
Incorrect
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Which statement regarding microtubules is accurate in relation to Chédiak-Higashi syndrome?
Your Answer: They consist of beta tubulin subunits only
Correct Answer: They are arranged in a 9+2 formation in cilia
Explanation:Microtubules and Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome
Microtubules are made up of alpha and beta tubulin dimers that are arranged in a helix and can be added or removed to change the length. They are found in structures such as flagella, mitotic spindles, and cilia, where they have a 9+2 arrangement. These structures are important for cell movement and division. Chemotherapy agents, such as taxanes, target microtubules and are used in breast cancer treatment.
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome is a rare inherited immunodeficiency disorder caused by mutations in the LYST gene. This condition is characterized by neutrophil inclusions, albinism, recurrent infections, and peripheral neuropathy. The neutrophil inclusions are thought to be caused by abnormal microtubule function, which affects the immune system’s ability to fight infections. While there is no cure for Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing infections.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 17
Incorrect
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What is the fundamental meaning of carbohydrate?
Your Answer: A compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in any proportion.
Correct Answer: A compound following the formula Cx(H2O)y
Explanation:Carbohydrates: Building Blocks of Energy and Storage
Carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a general formula of Cx(H2O)y. They can be classified as either aldehydes or ketones and contain multiple hydroxyl groups. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single unit. They are categorized based on the number of carbon atoms they contain, with trioses having three, pentoses having five, and hexoses having six carbon atoms. These monosaccharides are essential for energy production and building larger carbohydrate structures.
Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are joined together through a condensation reaction, releasing a water molecule. The most common disaccharides are lactose, maltose, and sucrose. Polysaccharides, on the other hand, are long, branched polymers made up of multiple single units. They serve as convenient storage molecules for energy reserves, such as glycogen in humans and starch in plants.
In summary, carbohydrates are vital building blocks for energy production and storage in living organisms. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides all play important roles in maintaining the body’s energy balance and overall health.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 18
Incorrect
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In which part of the cell are the electron transport chain carriers situated?
Your Answer: Mitochondrial redox compartment
Correct Answer: Mitochondrial cristae
Explanation:The Electron Transport Chain in Mitochondria
The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial process in cellular aerobic respiration that occurs in the mitochondrial cristae. These are folded membranes inside the organelle. During respiration, NADH and FADH produced from other parts of the process, such as glycolysis, transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors through redox reactions. This electron transfer is coupled with proton transfer across the mitochondrial membrane, creating an electrochemical proton gradient. This gradient induces the production of ATP, which is used as an energy currency by the cell.
ATP is produced through a mechanism called chemiosmotic phosphorylation. The structure of the mitochondrion is essential for this process to occur. The cristae provide a large surface area for the ETC to take place, and the mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to protons, allowing for the creation of the proton gradient. The inner membrane also contains ATP synthase, the enzyme responsible for producing ATP through chemiosmotic phosphorylation.
In summary, the electron transport chain in mitochondria is a complex process that involves the transfer of electrons and protons across the mitochondrial membrane to create a proton gradient. This gradient is then used to produce ATP through chemiosmotic phosphorylation. The structure of the mitochondrion is crucial for this process to occur efficiently.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 19
Correct
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What is the primary role of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?
Your Answer: To regulate gene transcription and translation
Explanation:The Nucleus: Control Centre of the Cell
The nucleus is the control centre of the cell, responsible for regulating gene transcription from DNA into mRNA and from mRNA into peptide/protein synthesis. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-enclosed organised nucleus, while prokaryotic cells lack this structure. The nuclear structure consists of an outer and inner nuclear membrane that form the nuclear envelope, which has nuclear pores allowing the movement of water-soluble molecules. Inside the nucleus is the nucleoplasm containing the nuclear lamina, a dense fibrillar network that acts as a skeleton and regulates DNA replication and cell division. The nucleus also contains nucleoli, structures involved in the formation of ribosomes responsible for mRNA translation.
Although the incorrect answer options above describe processes in which the nucleus is involved, none of them constitutes its main function within the cell.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 20
Correct
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What occurs in eukaryotic prometaphase?
Your Answer: The nuclear membrane and the nucleoli disintegrate and kinetochores appear
Explanation:The Significance of Prometaphase in Cell Division
Prometaphase is a crucial phase in cell division that marks the transition from prophase to metaphase. Although it is often considered as a part of these two phases, it has distinct events that make it an individual phase. During prometaphase, the nuclear membrane disintegrates, and the nucleoli are no longer visible. Additionally, each chromosome forms two kinetochores near the centromere, which serve as attachment points for spindle fibers. These fibers connect to the opposite poles of the cell, forming travelling lines that will separate the sister chromatids during anaphase.
Prophase is characterized by chromatin condensation, while DNA and centrosome duplication occur during interphase. Chromosome alignment takes place during metaphase, and the sister chromatids separate during anaphase. Prometaphase, therefore, plays a crucial role in preparing the chromosomes for separation during anaphase. Its distinct events make it an essential phase in cell division, and its proper execution is necessary for successful cell division.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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