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Question 1
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The diabetes prevention program has been running for the last 5 years. At baseline, a well conducted study with a sample size of 500 showed that the prevalence of diabetes among adults aged 40 and above was 15%.
Five years later another survey (of 400 responders) showed that the prevalence of diabetes was 10%.
In the above example, which definition of prevalence is correct?Your Answer: Prevalence is the number of new and old smokers in a year
Explanation:Prevalence and Incidence in Smoking
Prevalence and incidence are two important concepts in the smoking habits of a population. Prevalence refers to the number of people who smoke at a particular time point, such as at the beginning or end of a study period. This is calculated by dividing the number of smokers by the total population.
On the other hand, incidence refers to the number of new cases of smoking at a particular time point. For example, this could be at the beginning of a study period for the whole year or at the 10th year. This is calculated by dividing the number of new smokers by the number of smoke-free individuals who are potentially at risk of taking up smoking.
prevalence and incidence is important in evaluating the effectiveness of smoking cessation programs and policies. By tracking changes in prevalence and incidence over time, researchers and policymakers can determine whether their efforts are making a difference in reducing smoking rates. Additionally, these concepts can help identify populations that are at higher risk of taking up smoking, allowing for targeted interventions to prevent smoking initiation.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 2
Correct
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What is the primary factor that increases the risk of thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency?
Your Answer: Chronic alcohol excess
Explanation:Thiamine: Its Roles, Sources, Deficiency States, and Manifestations
Thiamine is a vital nutrient that plays several roles in the body. It acts as a cofactor to enzymes involved in energy production, metabolism of branched chain amino acids, and regulation of nerve and muscle action potentials. It is found in many foods, including wheat, oats, and yeast-containing products. However, deficiency states can occur in chronic alcohol dependence, renal dialysis, and cultures that mainly consume white rice. The deficiency can manifest as ‘dry’ beriberi, which causes peripheral neuropathy, muscle weakness, fatigue, and reduced concentration, or ‘wet’ beriberi, which also involves heart failure and edema. In severe cases, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome can develop, which is an emergency requiring urgent IV replacement of thiamine. If left untreated, it can lead to irreversible amnesia, confabulation, and dementia. Therefore, all patients with alcohol-related admissions should be considered for Pabrinex, a B vitamin infusion.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 3
Incorrect
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To what type of cell can mesenchymal stem cells transform?
Your Answer: Muscle cells
Correct Answer: Osteoblasts
Explanation:Mesenchymal Cells: The Stem Cells of the Human Skeleton
Mesenchymal cells are the primary stem cells of the human skeleton. These multipotent cells originate in the bone marrow and have the ability to differentiate into various cell types. Osteoblasts, responsible for bone formation, chondrocytes, which give rise to cartilage, and adipocytes, specialized in storing energy as fat, are some of the cells that mesenchymal cells can produce. Muscle cells, or myocytes, arise from muscle satellite cells, while skin cells come from epithelial stem cells. Neurons mostly arise from neural stem cells, although some may come from astrocytes. White blood cells, on the other hand, come from hematopoietic stem cells. Mesenchymal cells play a crucial role in the maintenance and repair of the human skeleton, making them an essential area of study in regenerative medicine.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 4
Incorrect
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While taking a patient's medical history, you discover that their family has a strong history of a certain disease. Autosomal dominant diseases are often caused by defects in structural genes and typically present in early adulthood, affecting both males and females equally. Which of the following diseases does not follow an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance?
Your Answer: Marfan's syndrome
Correct Answer: Haemochromatosis
Explanation:Abnormal Binding Proteins and Iron Deposition: A Genetic Disorder
Abnormal binding proteins can lead to the deposition of iron in the body, resulting in various health complications. This genetic disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The deposition of iron can cause cardiomyopathy, cirrhosis, pancreatic failure due to fibrosis, and skin pigmentation.
In general, disorders that affect metabolism or DNA replication on a cellular or genetic level tend to be autosomal recessive. On the other hand, genetic disorders that affect the structure of the body on a larger level are usually autosomal dominant. While there may be exceptions to these rules, they can serve as a helpful guide for exam preparation. Proper of this genetic disorder can aid in its diagnosis and management.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 5
Incorrect
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What is the primary means of transportation for vitamin D in the human body?
Your Answer: In blood, bound to albumin
Correct Answer: In blood, bound to the group specific component
Explanation:The Role of UV Light and Vitamin D in Calcium and Phosphate Regulation
In order for the body to produce Vitamin D3, UV light at a specific wavelength is required to convert cholesterol in the skin. Vitamin D2 and D3 are then transported in the bloodstream bound to the Vitamin-D Binding Protein and undergo further modifications in the liver and kidney to become the active form, 1,25 (OH)2Vitamin D. This active form plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphate concentrations in the body.
1,25 (OH)2Vitamin D increases calcium absorption in the duodenum and inhibits the secretion and synthesis of PTH, which helps to maintain calcium concentrations. It also increases phosphate absorption in the jejunum and ileum, which is important for maintaining phosphate concentrations. Additionally, 1,25 (OH)2Vitamin D promotes bone turnover by stimulating both osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
Overall, the production and activation of Vitamin D through UV light and dietary sources is essential for proper calcium and phosphate regulation in the body.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 6
Incorrect
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Which of the following would not increase the rate of diffusion of a substance across a lipid membrane such as the cell wall?
Your Answer: Area of the membrane
Correct Answer: Thickness of the membrane
Explanation:Diffusion and Fick’s Law
Diffusion is a natural process that occurs when molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This process is passive and random, meaning that it does not require any external energy input. Fick’s Law states that diffusion occurs more quickly across a large, permeable, and thin membrane. For example, in lung disease, the thickening of the alveolar epithelial barrier can lead to a poor carbon monoxide transfer coefficient because the thicker membrane slows down the diffusion process. the principles of diffusion and Fick’s Law can help us better understand how molecules move and interact in various biological and chemical processes. By optimizing the conditions for diffusion, we can improve the efficiency of many natural and artificial systems.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 7
Incorrect
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A 50-year-old female patient with varicose veins presents to the vascular clinic for evaluation.
During the assessment, a test is conducted to determine the location of incompetence. The patient is instructed to lie down, and the veins are emptied by elevating her legs off the couch. The examiner then identifies the site of the sapheno-femoral junction and applies pressure with their fingers. The patient is then asked to stand up to evaluate vein filling.
What is the name of this test?Your Answer: Buerger's test
Correct Answer: Trendelenburg's test
Explanation:Assessing Varicose Vein Site of Incompetence
The Trendelenburg and tourniquet tests are both used to evaluate the site of incompetence in varicose veins at the sapheno-femoral junction. During the Trendelenburg test, the examiner applies pressure with their fingers over the junction site, while in the tourniquet test, a tourniquet is placed just below the junction level.
If the veins fill quickly upon standing, it indicates that the sapheno-femoral junction is not the source of the incompetence. These tests are essential in determining the location of the varicose vein site of incompetence, which is crucial in planning the appropriate treatment. By identifying the site of incompetence, physicians can perform targeted interventions to improve venous function and alleviate symptoms. Therefore, the Trendelenburg and tourniquet tests are valuable tools in the diagnosis and management of varicose veins.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 8
Correct
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A 70-year-old male smoker complains of calf pain.
The GP performs a clinical test by raising the patient's legs and observing for the angle at which there is blanching. After one minute, the legs are lowered over the side of the couch so that they are fully dependent with feet on the floor. Reactive hyperaemia is observed.
Which clinical test does this describe?Your Answer: Buerger's test
Explanation:Tests for Assessing Arterial and Venous Circulation, Hip Dysfunction, and Meniscal Tear
Buerger’s test is a method used to evaluate the arterial circulation of the lower limb. The test involves observing the angle at which blanching occurs, with a lower angle indicating a higher likelihood of arterial insufficiency. Additionally, the degree of reactive hyperaemia on dependency of the limb after one minute is another positive sign of arterial insufficiency during the test.
Another test used to assess circulation is the Ankle-Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI), which involves using blood pressure cuffs to determine the degree of claudication. McMurray’s test, on the other hand, is used to evaluate for a meniscal tear within the knee joint.
Perthe’s test is a method used to assess the patency of the deep femoral vein prior to varicose vein surgery. Lastly, Trendelenburg’s test is used to evaluate hip dysfunction. These tests are important in diagnosing and treating various conditions related to circulation and joint function.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 9
Correct
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What is the term for the process described below in laboratory testing?
Enzymes are immobilised on a solid surface, such as a bead or well, and allowed to come into contact with the sample. After washing, another enzyme is added with a label allowing quantitation of the analyte.Your Answer: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Explanation:ELISA: A Common Immunoassay in Medical Diagnostic Testing
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a type of immunoassay that is widely used in medical diagnostic testing. This method uses antibodies to identify and/or quantify the analyte being tested. The ELISA process involves several steps, including coating a plate with the antigen, adding the patient’s sample, washing the plate to remove any unbound material, adding an enzyme-linked antibody, washing the plate again, and adding a substrate to produce a measurable signal.
Over time, many modifications have been made to the ELISA, making it a versatile tool in the laboratory for measuring various analytes. Some of the substances that can be measured using immunoassays include thyroid hormone, testosterone, oestrogen, troponin, and vitamin D. The ELISA has been around for a long time and is still widely used today due to its accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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Question 10
Incorrect
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A 32-year-old snowboarder presents to the Emergency department complaining of pain and swelling around the first metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP joint) following a fall during practice.
Upon examination, there is significant swelling and bruising on the ulnar side of the joint.
What is the most probable injury that the patient has sustained?Your Answer: Scaphoid bone
Correct Answer: Ulnar collateral ligament
Explanation:Skier’s Thumb: A Common Injury in Winter Sports
Skier’s thumb, also known as gamekeeper’s thumb, is a common injury that occurs in winter sports. It is caused by damage or rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament, which is located at the base of the thumb. This injury can result in acute swelling and gross instability of the thumb. In severe cases where a complete tear of the ligament is suspected, an MRI may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis, and surgical repair may be required.
Once the acute swelling has subsided, treatment for skier’s thumb typically involves immobilization in a thumb spica. This is the standard therapy for cases of partial rupture.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Sciences
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