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  • Question 1 - What are the defining features of Kleine-Levin syndrome? ...

    Correct

    • What are the defining features of Kleine-Levin syndrome?

      Your Answer: Hyperphagia

      Explanation:

      Hyperphagia and hypersomnia are the defining features of Kleine-Levin syndrome.

      Kleine-Levin Syndrome: A Mysterious Condition

      Kleine-Levin syndrome is a peculiar disorder that typically affects adolescent boys. It is characterized by an excessive need for sleep and an insatiable appetite when awake. The condition is also associated with emotional and behavioral issues such as irritability and aggression.

      The onset of symptoms is sudden and can last for several days to weeks before disappearing. This is followed by a period of normalcy, only to be followed by another episode. This pattern can continue for years, but the severity of symptoms tends to decrease over time. During the periods between episodes, those affected appear to be perfectly healthy with no signs of physical of behavioral dysfunction. The media has dubbed this condition as Sleeping Beauty syndrome.

      Despite extensive research, the cause of Kleine-Levin syndrome remains unknown. However, the prognosis is generally positive, with most individuals making a full recovery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychological Development
      11.2
      Seconds
  • Question 2 - What condition is the result of a mutation in the MECP2 gene? ...

    Correct

    • What condition is the result of a mutation in the MECP2 gene?

      Your Answer: Rett syndrome

      Explanation:

      Rett Syndrome: A Rare Neurodevelopmental Disorder

      Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is rare, affecting approximately 1 in 10,000 female births. Although it mostly affects females, there have been cases of males with the disorder. While the exact cause of the disorder is not known, it is believed to have a genetic basis, with mutations in the MECP2 gene (Xq28) being associated with the disorder. Monozygotic twins have been found to have complete concordance in cases of Rett syndrome.

      The disorder has a unique presentation, with affected children experiencing a normal period of development until 6-18 months. After this period, they begin to develop problems with language, losing previously acquired speech. Purposeful hand movements are replaced with stereotypic movements, such as hand wringing, and ataxia and psychomotor retardation may occur. Other stereotypical movements, such as finger licking of biting and tapping of slapping, may also be seen. Head circumference is normal at birth, but growth begins to decelerate between 6-12 months, resulting in microcephaly. All language skills are lost, both receptive and expressive, and social skills plateau at developmental levels between 6-12 months.

      Seizures are associated with Rett syndrome in 75% of those affected, and almost all affected children have abnormal EEG findings. Breathing problems, such as hyperventilation, apnea, and breath holding, are also seen. Children with Rett syndrome may live for well over a decade after the onset of the disorder, but after 10 years, many patients are wheelchair-bound with virtually no language ability. Additional features of the disorder include seizures, breath holding and hyperventilation, sleep difficulties, and issues with locomotion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychological Development
      3.4
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  • Question 3 - If we consider Kohlberg's theory of moral development, what would be the expected...

    Correct

    • If we consider Kohlberg's theory of moral development, what would be the expected stage of moral development for a 12-year-old boy?

      Your Answer: Conventional

      Explanation:

      Developmental Stages

      There are four main developmental models that are important to understand: Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, and Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.

      Freud’s theory of psychosexual development includes five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. These stages occur from birth to adulthood and are characterized by different areas of focus and pleasure.

      Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development includes eight stages, each with a specific crisis to be resolved. These stages occur from infancy to old age and are focused on developing a sense of self and relationships with others.

      Piaget’s theory of cognitive development includes four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. These stages occur from birth to adulthood and are focused on the development of cognitive abilities such as perception, memory, and problem-solving.

      Kohlberg’s theory of moral development includes three stages: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. These stages occur from childhood to adulthood and are focused on the development of moral reasoning and decision-making.

      Understanding these developmental models can help individuals better understand themselves and others, as well as provide insight into how to support healthy development at each stage.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychological Development
      8.8
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  • Question 4 - Whose work on imprinting had a significant impact on the field of attachment?...

    Correct

    • Whose work on imprinting had a significant impact on the field of attachment?

      Your Answer: Lorenz

      Explanation:

      Imprinting – A Rapid, Unreinforced, Irreversible Attachment in Animals and Humans

      Imprinting is a fascinating phenomenon observed in some animals and humans, where a phase-sensitive attachment is formed towards the first conspicuous object seen after birth of hatching. Konrad Lorenz’s classic experiment with Greylag geese demonstrated that imprinting consists of three stages – following response, attachment development, and sexual preference formation. Imprinting is a rapid process that can occur within minutes, and it does not require any reinforcement to happen. It also occurs during a clearly defined period known as the critical period, and once it happens, it is irreversible.

      Imprinting has been observed in various species, including birds, mammals, and even humans. In humans, imprinting can occur during the early stages of life and can influence social and emotional development. For example, infants may develop an attachment towards their primary caregiver, which can shape their future relationships and social interactions.

      Overall, imprinting is a fascinating and complex phenomenon that highlights the importance of early experiences in shaping an individual’s behavior and preferences.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychological Development
      5.2
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  • Question 5 - Which statement accurately reflects the principles of attachment theory? ...

    Correct

    • Which statement accurately reflects the principles of attachment theory?

      Your Answer: Attachment behaviour tends to be stable over the lifetime

      Explanation:

      Attachment Theory and Harlow’s Monkeys

      Attachment theory, developed by John Bowlby, suggests that children have an innate tendency to form relationships with people around them to increase their chance of survival. This attachment is different from bonding, which concerns the mother’s feelings for her infant. Children typically single out a primary caregiver, referred to as the principle attachment figure, from about 1-3 months. The quality of a person’s early attachments is associated with their adult behavior, with poor attachments leading to withdrawn individuals who struggle to form relationships and good attachments leading to socially competent adults who can form healthy relationships.

      Bowlby’s attachment model has four stages: preattachment, attachment in the making, clear-cut attachment, and formation of reciprocal attachment. The time from 6 months to 36 months is known as the critical period, during which a child is most vulnerable to interruptions in its attachment. Attachments are divided into secure and insecure types, with insecure types further divided into avoidant and ambivalent types.

      Harlow’s experiment with young rhesus monkeys demonstrated the importance of the need for closeness over food. The experiment involved giving the monkeys a choice between two different mothers, one made of soft terry cloth but provided no food and the other made of wire but provided food from an attached baby bottle. The baby monkeys spent significantly more time with their cloth mother than with their wire mother, showing the importance of attachment and closeness in early development.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychological Development
      8.9
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  • Question 6 - The Camberwell Family Interview assesses mainly which of the following? ...

    Correct

    • The Camberwell Family Interview assesses mainly which of the following?

      Your Answer: Expressed emotion

      Explanation:

      The Camberwell Family Interview for Measuring Expressed Emotion

      The Camberwell Family Interview is a tool designed to assess the level of expressed emotion within families. This interview was created with the aim of identifying the emotional climate within a family, particularly in relation to individuals with mental health issues. The interview is structured and standardized, with a set of questions that are asked to each family member separately. The questions are designed to elicit information about the family’s emotional atmosphere, including levels of criticism, hostility, and emotional over-involvement.

      The Camberwell Family Interview is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, as it can help them to identify families that may be at risk of exacerbating mental health issues in their loved ones. By measuring expressed emotion, mental health professionals can gain insight into the family’s emotional dynamics and work with them to create a more supportive and positive environment. The interview can also be used to track changes in the family’s emotional climate over time, allowing mental health professionals to monitor progress and adjust treatment plans accordingly. Overall, the Camberwell Family Interview is an important tool for understanding and addressing the emotional needs of families affected by mental health issues.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychological Development
      6
      Seconds
  • Question 7 - One of the phases in the Separation-Individuation theory of child development is: ...

    Correct

    • One of the phases in the Separation-Individuation theory of child development is:

      Your Answer: Symbiotic phase

      Explanation:

      Mahler’s Separation-Individuation theory of child development proposes that personality development occurs in distinct stages. The first stage, the Autistic phase, occurs during the first few weeks of life, where the child is mostly sleeping and cut off from the world. The second stage, the Symbiotic phase, lasts until around six months of age, where the child sees themselves and their mother as a single unit. The third stage, Separation-Individuation, has four subphases. The first subphase, Differentiation, occurs between six to ten months, where the child begins to see themselves as an individual and experiences separation anxiety. The second subphase, Practicing, occurs between ten to sixteen months, where the child explores connections with the external world and people other than the mother. The third subphase, Rapprochement, occurs between sixteen to twenty-four months, where the child struggles to balance their desire for independence and proximity to the mother, often resulting in tantrums and the use of transitional objects. The fourth subphase, Object constancy, occurs between twenty-four to thirty-six months, where the child accepts the idea of object constancy and is more comfortable with the mother being separate for periods of time.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychological Development
      8.3
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  • Question 8 - This stage of reasoning illustrates the conventional stage of moral development, where individuals...

    Incorrect

    • This stage of reasoning illustrates the conventional stage of moral development, where individuals make decisions based on social norms and expectations:

      Your Answer: Law and order orientation

      Correct Answer: Good Boy/Nice Girl orientation

      Explanation:

      The child’s reasoning demonstrates an understanding that actions are evaluated as either positive of negative by others, and that the appropriate course of action is one that is deemed positive (of not negative) by the society.

      Kohlberg’s Six Stages of Moral Development

      Kohlberg’s theory of moral development consists of six stages that can be categorized into three levels. The first level is the preconventional stage, which is characterized by obedience and punishment orientation, where the focus is on the direct consequences of actions and unquestioning deference to power. The second stage is the self-interest orientation, where right behavior is defined purely by what is in the individual’s own interest.

      The second level is the conventional stage, which is characterized by interpersonal accord and conformity, where the focus is on how the individual will appear to others. The behavior should accord with a consensus view on what is good. The second stage is the authority and social order obedience driven, where what is lawful is judged to be morally right. Right behavior is dictated by societal rules, and there is a greater respect for social order and the need for laws.

      The third level is the postconventional stage, which is characterized by the social contract orientation, where individual rights determine behavior. The individual views laws and rules as flexible tools for improving human purposes. The fourth stage is the universal ethical principles orientation, where the right action is the one that is consistent with abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles.

      It is important to note that the age ranges for Kohlberg’s developmental stages are rough guides, and sources vary widely. Kohlberg developed his stage theory following an experiment he conducted on 72 boys aged 10-16. However, the theory is criticized as sexist as it only included boys.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychological Development
      17.1
      Seconds
  • Question 9 - What is the typical age when males begin to experience puberty? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the typical age when males begin to experience puberty?

      Your Answer: Age 10

      Correct Answer: Age 12

      Explanation:

      Boys typically begin puberty around the age of 12, while girls typically begin around the age of 11.

      Puberty

      Puberty is a natural process that occurs in both boys and girls. The age range for the onset of puberty is between 8-14 years for females and 9-14 years for males, with the mean age of onset being 11 years for girls and 12 years for boys. The duration of puberty is typically 3-4 years. The onset of puberty is marked by the appearance of secondary sex characteristics, such as breast development in females and testicular enlargement in males. These characteristics evolve over time and are rated into 5 stages according to Tanner’s criteria. The sequence of events differs between boys and girls, with the onset of breast development (thelarche) generally preceding the onset of the first period (menarche) by around 2 years in girls. The pubertal growth spurt occurs during stages 3 to 4 in most boys and during stages 2 and 3 in girls. Precocious puberty, which occurs earlier than usual, is more common in girls than in boys. The age of onset of puberty in girls has been decreasing over time, with environmental factors such as nutrition potentially playing a role in this trend.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychological Development
      6.4
      Seconds
  • Question 10 - When do most children acquire the capacity to identify and utilize gender labels...

    Incorrect

    • When do most children acquire the capacity to identify and utilize gender labels in their language?

      Your Answer: 24-30 months

      Correct Answer: 18-24 months

      Explanation:

      Gender Development

      Gender identity is the sense of oneself as male of female, which is different from a person’s assigned sex at birth. Gender dysphoria occurs when a person’s gender does not match their sex. Infants as young as 10 months old can form stereotypic associations between faces of women and men and gender-typed objects. By 18-24 months, most children can label gender groups and use gender labels in their speech. Children typically develop gender awareness of their own self around 18 months and declare a gender identity of male of female by age 5-6. It is normal for children to experiment with gender expression and roles. For the majority of pre-pubertal children, gender dysphoria does not persist into adolescence, with only a minority (15%) experiencing persistent gender dysphoria. (Levy, 1994; Martin, 2010; Steensma, 2011).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Psychological Development
      18.7
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Psychological Development (7/10) 70%
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