The behavior described is an example of sublimation, where unconscious impulses are redirected into socially acceptable outlets for immediate gratification. The other options listed are all examples of mature defense mechanisms, including altruism, which involves finding satisfaction in helping others; anticipation, which involves mentally preparing for potential threats; humor, which allows for the expression of difficult emotions without personal discomfort; and suppression, which involves consciously delaying the processing of uncomfortable issues.

Extracampine hallucinations refer to hallucinations that occur beyond one’s sensory range, such as outside the visual of auditory field. Functional hallucinations require an external stimulus to trigger them, but the individual experiences both the normal perception of the stimulus and the hallucination simultaneously. Reflex hallucinations occur when a stimulus in one modality leads to a hallucination in another modality. Hypnagogic hallucinations occur during the process of falling asleep, while autoscopic hallucinations involve abnormal visual perception of oneself.

Phenomena of Memory

There are several phenomena related to memory that people may experience. Jamais vu is when someone cognitively knows they have experienced a situation, but it does not feel familiar to them. Confabulation is when someone falsifies a memory while in clear consciousness. Déjà vu is a feeling of familiarity for a new event that has not been experienced before. Derealisation is a feeling of unreality in perception and altered feelings towards perceived objects. Finally, panoramic recall is when a patient feels like they are rapidly re-enacting long periods of their life.

A woman is experiencing an obsessive thought that manifests as persistent imagery, which she cannot control. She tries to suppress the thought, indicating the development of compulsive behavior. She may also experience autoscopic hallucinations, where she sees a hallucinatory double of herself. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that she uses to alleviate anxiety caused by obsessive experiences, which can be either motor of cognitive. Additionally, she may experience ruminative cognitions, which are repetitive thoughts that do not lead to any conclusion. In some cases, she may also experience thought insertion, where she attributes the source of the image to an external force.

Affect illusions occur when a person’s mood affects their perception of everyday objects, leading to misinterpretation. These illusions are temporary and can be dispelled with increased attention. Completion illusions occur when the brain fills in incomplete perceptions with extrapolation from previous experiences to create meaning. An example is reading misprints in newspapers as if they were written correctly. Reflex hallucinations occur when a stimulus in one modality produces a hallucination in another modality. Pareidolic illusions involve a mixture of sensory perceptions and imagination, such as seeing faces in clouds.

Pseudohallucinations are often distinguished from true hallucinations by their lack of a genuine perceptual quality, although this distinction can be challenging to apply in practice. True hallucinations can be induced by illicit drug use. extracampine hallucinations, which are typically visual and occur outside of the normal sensory field, are considered true hallucinations. Pseudohallucinations are not exclusive to schizophrenia and can manifest in various sensory modalities.

When a patient exhibits verbigeration, it can be a sign of loosening of association, which can also be seen in severe expressive aphasia and sometimes in schizophrenia. Knight’s move thinking is another example of loosening of associations, where the patient transitions from one topic to another without any logical connection. Neologisms are words of phrases created by the patient to describe their experiences, often related to their illness. Overinclusion is when the patient expands the boundaries of concepts, grouping things together that are not normally associated. Talking past the point, of vorbeireden, is when the patient seems to be approaching the end of a topic but never actually reaches it.

In 1869, George Miller Beard introduced the term ‘neurasthenia’ in an article published in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. He described anxiety as a key symptom of this condition, which he defined as a lack of nerve force. However, later interpretations of neurasthenia focused more on a state of fatigue and irritability rather than anxiety. While some classification systems have omitted neurasthenia, it remains a commonly used diagnosis in many countries and is still included as a category in ICD-10.

Psychiatric Terminology

Double orientation refers to the separation of belief from feeling and behavior, which is commonly observed in chronic schizophrenics. This condition is characterized by a person holding a grandiose delusion, such as believing they are the King of England, while still living a normal life in a council house and attending a day center. Loosening of associations is a type of thought disorder, while an overvalued idea is a preoccupying belief that is arrived at through normal mental processes. Partial delusion is a delusion that is becoming less fixed of is on its way to becoming a full delusion. Vorbeireden, also known as talking past the point, is another term used in psychiatric terminology.

Schizophrenia can present with various motor disorders, which can be observed during interactions with the interviewer. These may include excessive cooperation of opposition. Symptoms of excessive cooperation include mitgehen, echopraxia, automatic obedience, and advertence. Mitgehen is characterized by abnormal movements in response to the interviewer’s direction. Echopraxia involves the patient imitating the interviewer’s movements. Automatic obedience is when the patient follows commands in a literal and concrete manner. Advertence is when the patient turns towards the examiner in response to bizarre, exaggerated, and inflexible speech.