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Question 1
Incorrect
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What is the term used to describe the process of recalling information from long-term memory triggered by a cue, such as a particular scent of sound?
Your Answer: Reconstructive memory
Correct Answer: Redintegration
Explanation:Redintegration pertains to the recollection of information from long term memory triggered by a cue, like a scent of noise. Recall entails actively searching memory stores for information. Recognition refers to the ability to identify an answer to a question from a list of options, without spontaneously recalling it. Reconstructive memory is the process of transferring information from one person to another. Relearning involves learning something again that was previously learned and forgotten, with faster learning occurring on subsequent attempts.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 2
Incorrect
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Which researcher proved that the capacity of short-term memory is restricted to seven chunks of data?
Your Answer: Atkinson and Shiffrin
Correct Answer: Ebbinghaus
Explanation:In 1913, Ebbinghaus found that short-term memory had a limit of seven (+/- two) ‘chunks’ of information, which was later supported by George Miller in 1956 and is now known as Miller’s law. Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed a two-part memory store, one for current information and one for long-term storage. Baddely and Hitch suggested replacing short-term memory with working memory, which includes central executive, articulatory (phonological) loop, and visuospatial scratch pad functions. According to Lloyd, less than one hundredth of the information sensed by humans reaches the short-term memory store. Solso proposed passive decay theory to explain the forgetting of long-term memory.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 3
Incorrect
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What are the factors that contribute to interpersonal attraction? Please rephrase the question if necessary.
Your Answer: Self-image is important
Correct Answer: Proximity is important
Explanation:There are several factors that can make people more likely to be attracted to each other, including being close in proximity, having familiarity with each other, sharing similar interests and values, being exposed to each other frequently, perceiving each other as competent, experiencing mutual liking, engaging in self-disclosure, and being physically attractive.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 4
Correct
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You are evaluating a 62-year-old woman with mild cognitive impairment. You need to determine her baseline cognitive abilities. What test would be the most suitable for this purpose?
Your Answer: National Adult Reading Test (NART)
Explanation:The National Adult Reading Test (NART) is a commonly used tool to evaluate premorbid intelligence in patients with neurological illness. It assesses the ability to read words with unusual pronunciation, which is believed to be preserved even in those with neurological decline. While the WAIS and Stanford-Binet scales are also intelligence tests, their performance would likely decline in patients with dementia. On the other hand, the MMPI and MCMI are personality tests and not used to assess intelligence.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 5
Incorrect
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Which enzyme is affected by presenilin mutations in individuals with early-onset Alzheimer's disease?
Your Answer: α Secretase
Correct Answer: γ Secretase
Explanation:The gamma secretase complex, consisting of four key proteins including presenilin, plays a crucial role in converting Amyloid Precursor Protein to Amyloid β-protein. Amyloid β-peptides are the primary components of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. In the brain, APP is primarily cleaved by β-secretase, while in other tissues it is cleaved by α-secretase, followed by γ-secretase. The presence of the APOE4 allele is associated with a higher likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s dementia later in life.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 6
Correct
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Which researcher suggested that there is a correlation between arousal and task performance up to a certain threshold, after which performance decreases?
Your Answer: Yerkes and Dodson
Explanation:The Yerkes-Dodson curve suggests that performance is optimal at moderate levels of arousal, forming an inverted U-shaped relationship.
Cox developed a stimulus model theory inspired by engineering principles, including Hooke’s Law of Elasticity.
Lazarus and Folkman investigated how the perception and interpretation of stressors affect emotional responses.
Seyle is known for his work on response models and the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
Plutchik identified eight fundamental emotions. -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 7
Correct
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Which of the following statements aligns best with the principles of learning theory?
Your Answer: Variable ratio is the most resistant to extinction
Explanation:Advertisements typically use backward conditioning, where the unconditioned stimulus precedes the conditioned stimulus, resulting in minimal conditioning. Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without any immediate effect on performance. Delayed (forward) conditioning, where the CS is presented before the US and continues until the US is presented, is generally the most effective form of conditioning, especially with short delays. In animal experiments, the optimal CS-US interval is 0.5 seconds. Trace conditioning, where the CS ends before the onset of the US, becomes less effective with longer delays. Simultaneous conditioning occurs when the onset of both stimuli is simultaneous. Variable ratio (VR) schedules provide reinforcement after a varying number of responses, making them highly resistant to extinction. Gambling machines often use VR schedules, resulting in high response rates.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 8
Correct
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A 30-year-old woman, who has a deep-seated distrust of authority figures, experiences intense anxiety and exhibits odd behavior upon encountering two security guards at a shopping mall. As a precautionary measure, the guards detain her. What is the underlying psychodynamic mechanism at play in this situation?
Your Answer: Projective identification
Explanation:In the given scenario, the individual is exhibiting projective identification by attributing their negative response to another person’s perceived attitudes. This is different from projection, where one attributes their own unacceptable thoughts of impulses to someone else.
The individual is not engaging in acting out, which involves impulsively acting on unconscious impulses to avoid conscious awareness of their effects. Instead, they are unable to gratify their impulse.
Suppression, a mature defense mechanism where one postpones attention to conscious impulses, is not being utilized in this situation. The individual is unable to avoid their unconscious impulse.
Repression involves the unconscious forgetting of painful memories of unacceptable impulses. However, in this scenario, the individual is expressing their unacceptable impulses rather than repressing them.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 9
Incorrect
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What is the likelihood of developing dementia for an individual with two APOE4 alleles at an advanced age?
Your Answer: 2
Correct Answer: 15
Explanation:Having two APOE4 alleles increases the risk of developing dementia by 15 times, while having one APOE4 allele increases the risk by three times compared to those without any APOE4 alleles. APOE4 is responsible for 50% of the genetic variation in dementia and is present in 20% of the population. APOE3 is the most prevalent allele, and APOE2 may have a protective effect.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 10
Correct
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After receiving a negative evaluation from his supervisor, John spends the entire evening playing basketball with his buddy. What would be the most appropriate way to describe this behavior?
Your Answer: Sublimation
Explanation:In the given example, Mark is using sublimation as a defence mechanism to express his internal impulses in a socially acceptable way. It is not an example of aggression. Similarly, playing tennis cannot be considered as constructive gratifying service to others, which is a characteristic of altruism. Instead, it is an example of displacement, where Mark is transferring his emotional response to a situation that carries less emotional risk. Mark is externalizing his feelings through sublimation, rather than turning them into self-harm.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 11
Incorrect
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Which of the following defense mechanisms has been characterized as a developed coping strategy?
Your Answer: Denial
Correct Answer: Sublimation
Explanation:There are several types of defence mechanisms, including mature, primitive, and intermediate. Mature defence mechanisms are considered healthy and effective ways of coping with emotional stressors. Examples of mature defence mechanisms include humour, suppression, anticipation, altruism, sublimation, and asceticism.
Sublimation is a particularly important mature defence mechanism, as it involves transforming instinctual energies into socially acceptable goals. This can lead to humanitarian and altruistic activities.
On the other hand, primitive defence mechanisms, such as denial, involve ignoring of disavowing that which the conscious cannot tolerate. Intermediate defence mechanisms, such as projection and splitting, involve attributing one’s own undesirable impulses of separating off intolerable aspects of the self.
It’s important to note that not all defence mechanisms are created equal. While mature defence mechanisms can be helpful, primitive and intermediate defence mechanisms can be harmful and may indicate underlying psychological issues.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 12
Correct
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What are the underlying principles of using star charts to address behavioural issues?
Your Answer: Operant conditioning
Explanation:The Use of Star Charts in Behavioral Management
Star charts have proven to be effective in managing enuresis, encopresis, and acute phase despondency. In cases of encopresis, the star chart reward system has been successful in about 20 to 30% of cases. The use of a wall chart to graphically depict the time spent off the ventilator each day has also been effective in patients with severe ventilator impairments.
The reward system in the form of a star chart is a type of positive reinforcement, where behavior is strengthened by the presentation of something pleasant. This is a form of operant conditioning, where the animal is active and learns through action. In contrast, classical conditioning involves passive of restrained animals and the use of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
Social learning theories rely on role modeling, identification, and human interactions. While social learning combines classical and operant conditioning, observation of models may be a major factor in the learning process. Higher order conditioning is another form of classical conditioning, where a conditioned stimulus is paired with another stimulus to produce a further conditioned response.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 13
Incorrect
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Which psychologist differentiated between fluid and crystallized intelligence in their classification of overall cognitive ability?
Your Answer: Vernon
Correct Answer: Cattell and Horn
Explanation:Cattell and Horn utilized factor analysis to suggest that intelligence can be separated into two categories: fluid intelligence (innate abilities) and crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge). Spearman’s two-factor theory suggests that intelligence tests measure both a general intelligence factor (g) and a specific factor (s). Burt expanded on Spearman’s theory to create the hierarchical model, which proposes that multiple major and minor factors exist between g and s. Guilford disagreed with the idea of general intelligence and instead categorized cognitive tasks based on three dimensions: content, operations, and products.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 14
Correct
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What is the accuracy of the statement that transference is a common occurrence in therapeutic relationships?
Your Answer: Transference is the patient’s emotional response to the therapist
Explanation:Transference is the unconscious process of shifting emotions and desires from one person to another, often from a parent of sibling to the therapist. While positive transference can strengthen a patient’s weak ego during psychoanalysis, it is not enough on its own. Resistance, a defense mechanism that thwarts the therapist’s attempts to access unconscious processes, can hinder progress. Freud initially believed transference only occurred in therapy, but later expanded his view to include its presence in all relationships. He also believed that interpreting transference was crucial to the success of psychoanalysis, as the transferential relationship between therapist and patient was the curative factor.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 15
Incorrect
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At what developmental stage does a child acquire the ability to engage in symbolic play, as per Piaget's theory?
Your Answer: Sensorimotor
Correct Answer: Preoperational
Explanation:preconventional Stage of Moral Development
Kohlberg’s first stage of moral development is the preconventional stage. In this stage, children’s moral reasoning is based on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards. They follow rules to avoid getting in trouble and to gain approval from authority figures. Children in this stage are not yet able to understand the perspective of others of consider the consequences of their actions on others. They may also believe that what is right is what benefits them personally. As they grow and develop, children will move on to the next stages of moral development, which involve more complex reasoning and consideration of others’ perspectives.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 16
Correct
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What is one of the phases in Bowlby's grief model?
Your Answer: Disorganisation and despair
Explanation:According to Bowlby’s (1980) model of grief, there are four stages: Numbing, Yearning and searching, Disorganisation and despair, and Reorganisation. Other models of grief may include Shock, Anger (Kubler-Ross, 1969), Awareness of loss, and Conservation-Withdrawal (Sanders, 1989).
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 17
Correct
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What is the highest ranking life event on the social readjustment rating scale according to Holmes and Rahe's research?
Your Answer: Death of spouse
Explanation:Holmes and Rahe (1967) developed the social readjustment rating scale, which consisted of 43 life events of different levels of severity that appeared to occur before the onset of patients’ illnesses. The researchers analyzed 5000 patient records and found that the death of a spouse was the most serious life event, while a minor violation of the law was the least serious. Although this measure aimed to measure the impact of life events, it has received numerous criticisms, such as its failure to consider individual circumstances and its incomplete list of life events.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 18
Incorrect
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In terms of educational psychology, what is the term for a reinforcement schedule where reinforcement is provided consistently but the amount of responses needed varies from one instance to the next?
Your Answer: Fixed ratio
Correct Answer: Variable ratio
Explanation:BF Skinner’s theory states that behavior is influenced by its consequences, which can be positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, of punishment. The frequency and consistency of these consequences, as determined by different reinforcement schedules, can shape and maintain behavior in various ways. Common reinforcement schedules include continuous reinforcement, fixed interval, fixed ratio, variable interval, and variable ratio.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 19
Incorrect
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Which of the following is a fundamental rule of how our brain organizes what we see?
Your Answer: The sum of its parts is greater than the whole
Correct Answer: The cocktail party effect is an example of figure-ground perceptual organisation
Explanation:Perception is an active process that involves being aware of and interpreting sensations received through our sensory organs. When we perceive something, we tend to focus on patterns that stand out from their background, such as when we hear our name being mentioned in a crowded room (known as the cocktail party phenomenon). Our brain also tends to group similar items together and perceive interrupted lines as continuous (known as the law of continuity). Additionally, our eyes have the ability to adjust their focus from distant objects to closer ones (known as accommodation), which helps us perceive depth and distance. Pictorial depth, such as in a painting of photograph, can enhance our perception by providing more detailed and realistic visual cues.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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Question 20
Correct
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What is the term used to describe the phenomenon of the increase in intelligence scores of populations since the 20th century?
Your Answer: Flynn effect
Explanation:The Flynn Effect, as demonstrated by Flynn (1994), shows that both fluid and crystalline intelligence scores have increased across generations in all countries with available data. This necessitates the constant re-standardization of IQ tests to ensure accurate scoring against current norms. Possible explanations for the Flynn Effect include improved abstract problem solving, better education, societal changes, and improved nutrition.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Psychological Processes
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