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  • Question 1 - A 17-year-old Caucasian woman presents with lethargy and chronic nausea. Her mother is...

    Correct

    • A 17-year-old Caucasian woman presents with lethargy and chronic nausea. Her mother is worried she may be depressed. On examination, there are signs of chronic liver disease and a gold-yellow ring at the periphery of the iris in both eyes. Her serum copper level is low. What is the most likely diagnosis?

      Your Answer: Wilson’s disease

      Explanation:

      This patient has Wilson’s disease. They Kayser-Fleischer ring (ring that encircles the iris) is diagnostic of this. Low serum copper is seen in Wilson’s disease. With the Kayser-Fleischer ring, this makes all of the other answer choices incorrect.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      41.3
      Seconds
  • Question 2 - A 62-year-old lady is referred with painless jaundice and weight loss. Bilirubin is...

    Incorrect

    • A 62-year-old lady is referred with painless jaundice and weight loss. Bilirubin is 214 mmol/L, alanine transaminase (ALT) 62 U/L, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 605 U/L, albumin 34 g/L and prothrombin time 17 seconds. Ultrasound of the abdomen shows a grossly dilated biliary tree and a dilated pancreatic duct, but no mass is seen. What is the next most appropriate step in her management?

      Your Answer: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

      Correct Answer: Abdominal CT scan

      Explanation:

      This scenario is suggestive of a pancreatic head mass with obstructive jaundice and US showing a ‘double duct’ sign. A CT Scan would be recommended to evaluate for a pancreatic head mass. If a mass was found, the next step would then be to do an ERCP with EUS to obtain a biopsy of the mass for tissue diagnosis. Laparoscopy would not be recommended. CA19-9 would not be diagnostic.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      53.8
      Seconds
  • Question 3 - A 24-year-old woman presents as an emergency to her GP with acute vomiting...

    Correct

    • A 24-year-old woman presents as an emergency to her GP with acute vomiting which began some 3–4 hours after attending an afternoon meeting. Cream cakes were served during the coffee break. Which of the following organisms is the most likely cause of this acute attack of vomiting?

      Your Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

      Explanation:

      Staph. aureus is the most likely cause. It is found in foods like dairy products, cold meats, or mayonnaise. It produces a heat-stable ENDOTOXIN (remember this) that causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea 1-6 hours after ingestion of contaminated food. B. cereus is classically associated with fried rice being reheated. Salmonella is typical with raw eggs and undercooked poultry. Campylobacter which is most commonly associated with food poisoning, is seen with poultry 50% of the time. Yersinia enterocolitica is seen with raw or undercooked pork, and may be a case presenting with mesenteric adenitis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      27.8
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  • Question 4 - A 42-year-old man presented with bloody diarrhoea and weight loss. Which one of...

    Correct

    • A 42-year-old man presented with bloody diarrhoea and weight loss. Which one of the following would favour the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease on rectal biopsy?

      Your Answer: Patchy inflammation

      Explanation:

      The correct answer is patchy inflammation. Superficial ulceration as well as non-patchy inflammation are seen in ulcerative colitis (UC) in the colon and rectum; you would expect to see transmural inflammation in Crohn’s disease and it can be patchy and located anywhere from mouth to anus. Crypt distortion and crypt abscesses are seen in both UC and Crohn’s, however they are more common in ulcerative colitis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      14.1
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  • Question 5 - Hepatitis C is what kind of virus? ...

    Correct

    • Hepatitis C is what kind of virus?

      Your Answer: A variable RNA virus

      Explanation:

      Hepatitis C is a single-stranded positive sense RNA virus. It is variable because of the high rate of error of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the pressure from the host immune system has caused HCV to evolve and develop seven genetic lineages.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      10.7
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  • Question 6 - Which is the most common type of inherited colorectal cancer: ...

    Correct

    • Which is the most common type of inherited colorectal cancer:

      Your Answer: Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma

      Explanation:

      Hereditary non-polyposis syndrome (HNPCC) is the most common type of inherited colorectal cancer. It often presents in younger and younger generations down a family. FAP presents with 100’s-1000’s of polyps and is less common. Li-Fraumeni syndrome and Fanconi syndrome are rare. For Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, the thing you will look for in the question stem is discoloured spots on the lips, this is classic.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      17.2
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  • Question 7 - A 33-year-old man with a known history of alcoholic liver disease is reviewed...

    Correct

    • A 33-year-old man with a known history of alcoholic liver disease is reviewed following a suspected oesophageal variceal haemorrhage. He has been resuscitated and intravenous terlipressin has been given. His blood pressure is now 104/60 mmHg and his pulse is 84/min. What is the most appropriate intervention?

      Your Answer: Endoscopic variceal band ligation

      Explanation:

      The correct course of action after giving terlipressin and resuscitating with IV fluids is to perform an EGD with endoscopic variceal band ligation. According to NICE: ‘Offer endoscopic variceal band ligation for the primary prevention of bleeding for people with cirrhosis who have medium to large oesophageal varices. There are serious complications of a TIPS procedure and it is not the first line treatment.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      40.4
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  • Question 8 - A 63 year old man presents with painless jaundice and weight loss over...

    Incorrect

    • A 63 year old man presents with painless jaundice and weight loss over the last few months. He is a heavy smoker and has a past medical history of COPD. On examination his abdomen is soft and non tender and he is clearly icteric. His bloods reveal deranged LFTs with an alkaline phosphates of 240 and a bilirubin of 92, ALT and AST are both around 200. An ultrasound of his abdomen is performed and shows both intra and extrahepatic bowel duct dilatation within the liver. What`s the first line investigation of his case?

      Your Answer: CT CAP

      Correct Answer: MRCP

      Explanation:

      When you hear painless jaundice and weight loss in the same sentence, the first thing you should think is cancer. Likely cholangiocarcinoma here or some other biliary tract obstructing cancer. The first line imaging for this would be MRCP because you’re looking for obstruction– the dilatation of the intra and extrahepatic ducts suggests this. This is less invasive than an ERCP or a liver biopsy. CT C/A/P will likely be needed for staging later but it is asking for the initial test.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      49.4
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  • Question 9 - A social worker has been diagnosed with hepatitis C infection. Which test will...

    Correct

    • A social worker has been diagnosed with hepatitis C infection. Which test will conclusively establish the presence of this infection?

      Your Answer: HCV RNA

      Explanation:

      The most sensitive test for detecting Hepatitis C infection (acute) is HCA RNA; it can be detected 1-2 weeks after infection. Anti-HCV antibodies take at least 6 weeks to develop and be positive.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      39.5
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  • Question 10 - A 53-year-old man is brought into the emergency department by the paramedics. He...

    Correct

    • A 53-year-old man is brought into the emergency department by the paramedics. He collapsed oat home suffering from a myocardial infarction and was subsequently resuscitated following a cardiac arrest. Blood tests show impaired liver function (ALT 1400 u/l). He is on a statin, and at his appointment last week his LFT was normal. There is nothing to note on examination and he is currently not complaining of any pain. Given this man's presentation, what is the most likely cause of his impaired liver function tests?

      Your Answer: Ischaemic hepatitis

      Explanation:

      When you have abnormal liver function tests after a cardiac arrest, the most likely aetiology, barring history that is known or given excluding this diagnosis, would be ischemia. Chronic alcohol abuse would not see an acute elevation like this. Hepatitis B is just unlikely given the clinical picture, ischemia is much more likely. The same is for Budd-Chiari syndrome (venous thrombosis) and Wilson’s disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      31.6
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  • Question 11 - Which of the following is most commonly associated with the development of pseudomembranous...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is most commonly associated with the development of pseudomembranous colitis?

      Your Answer: Ciprofloxacin

      Correct Answer: Cefuroxime

      Explanation:

      Pseudomembranous colitis is caused by a C. difficile infection that causes membranes to form on the colon wall. It is caused most commonly by broad-spectrum antibiotics. This would include cephalosporins, broad-spectrum penicillin, and clindamycin. Macrolides and quinolones have also been reported as potential aetiologies, but much less commonly.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 12 - If a patient has HIV what is the most likely cause of persistent...

    Incorrect

    • If a patient has HIV what is the most likely cause of persistent watery diarrhoea?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Cryptosporidium

      Explanation:

      When you have a patient with HIV and diarrhoea on the exam, think Cryptosporidium. In those who are immunocompetent this organism doesn’t usually cause symptoms, but in immunocompromised people like those with HIV, it causes infection and diarrhoea. Typically those with CD4 counts of <100 cells/µL1 have the greatest risk for prolonged, severe, or extraintestinal cryptosporidiosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 13 - A 27 year old woman presents with diarrhoea. She has had a previous...

    Incorrect

    • A 27 year old woman presents with diarrhoea. She has had a previous ileal resection for Crohn's Disease. Her inflammatory markers are normal. What is the most likely cause of her diarrhoea?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Bile Acid Malabsorption

      Explanation:

      The question describes a patient who has had an ileal resection. Bile acids are reabsorbed in the distal ileum. Since this has been resected in this patient, one would expect her to have malabsorption of bile acids, causing her diarrhoea. This is a more likely correct answer than a Crohn’s flare, bacterial overgrowth, gastroenteritis, or tropical sprue, given the details included in the question prompt.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 14 - A 62-year-old female with a history of COPD and hypertension presents with pain...

    Incorrect

    • A 62-year-old female with a history of COPD and hypertension presents with pain on swallowing. Current medication includes a salbutamol and becotide inhaler, bendrofluazide and amlodipine. What is the most likely cause of the presentation?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Oesophageal candidiasis

      Explanation:

      The history gives you a woman who is on inhaled steroid therapy. It is always a good idea for patients to rinse their mouths well after using inhaled steroids. Odynophagia (pain on swallowing) is a symptom of oesophageal candidiasis, which is the most likely answer given the steroids. Typically, you might see this in someone who is immunocompromised (classically, in HIV+ patients).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 15 - A 47-year-old man is seen in clinic with a 3 month history of...

    Incorrect

    • A 47-year-old man is seen in clinic with a 3 month history of chronic epigastric discomfort. The pain comes and goes and radiates to his back and his right shoulder tip at times. It is worse after meals but there is no relieving factor. He feels nauseous most of the time and has foul-smelling stools. He has lost 2 stones in weight. He also complains of intermittent light-headedness. He drinks a bottle of wine on most nights and smokes 20 cigarettes /day. On examination, he is thin and looks neglected. His abdomen is soft, but tender on deep palpation in the epigastric area. He has a 2 cm non-tender liver edge. He also has decreased sensation to light touch on both feet. Bloods: sodium 131 mmol/L, potassium 4.2 mmol/L, creatine 64 ÎĽmol/L, amylase 35 U/l, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 104 U/l, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 121 U/l, bilirubin 24 ÎĽmol/L, calcium 2.01 mmol/L, whole cell count (WCC) 12.1 Ă— 109/L, haemoglobin (Hb) 10.2 g/dL, platelets 462 Ă— 109/L. Abdominal X-ray (AXR) was normal and oesophago-gastro duodenoscopy (OGD) showed mild gastritis. Campylobacter-like organism (CLO) test negative. Ultrasound abdomen showed a mildly enlarged liver with fatty change, spleen and kidneys normal, pancreas partially obscured by overlying bowel gas. 72-h stool fat was 22 g in 72 h. He is referred for a secretin test: volume collected 110 ml, bicarbonate 52 mEq/l. What is the most likely diagnosis?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Chronic pancreatitis

      Explanation:

      The question describes an alcohol abusing man with chronic epigastric discomfort, radiating into his back, worse with meals, and foul-smelling stools, weight loss, as well as chronic nausea. This is likely, thus chronic pancreatitis due to alcohol abuse. Hepatomegaly and peripheral neuropathy secondary to anaemia support the diagnosis of long term alcohol abuse. Bacterial overgrowth may present with diarrhoea and is a less likely diagnosis than pancreatitis. Celiac disease is a less likely diagnosis than pancreatitis, and you would also expect mention of diarrhoea. VIPoma would also likely present with diarrhoea. Cecal carcinoma would more than likely present with blood in the stool.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 16 - A 69-year-old man on the cardiology ward who is hypotensive, and tachycardic is...

    Incorrect

    • A 69-year-old man on the cardiology ward who is hypotensive, and tachycardic is having profuse melaena. He was commenced on dabigatran 150mg bd by the cardiologists 48 hours earlier for non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Following appropriate resuscitation which of the following treatments is most likely to improve his bleeding?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Idarucizumab (Praxbind)

      Explanation:

      Idarucizumab (Praxbind) is a newer antidote for dabigatran, the first of its kind. It is a monoclonal antibody fragment that binds dabigatrin with a higher affinity than thrombin. It is very expensive.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 17 - A 28-year-old woman presents with intermittent episodes of diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal bloating and...

    Incorrect

    • A 28-year-old woman presents with intermittent episodes of diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal bloating and flatulence. Clinical examination is unremarkable. Faecal occult bloods are negative and haematological and biochemical investigations are unremarkable. Which of the following is the next most appropriate management step?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Trial of dairy-free diet

      Explanation:

      The best next step is to try a dairy-free diet, many patients may develop this in their lifetime. IBS is a diagnosis of exclusion, and one would need to rule lactose intolerance out as a potential aetiology first. She is only 28, and without overt bleeding or signs/sxs/labs suggestive of obstruction or inflammation; colonoscopy, flex sig and a barium enema are not indicated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 18 - A 29-year-old woman presents to clinic complaining of intermittent diarrhoea and constipation. Full...

    Incorrect

    • A 29-year-old woman presents to clinic complaining of intermittent diarrhoea and constipation. Full blood count and viscosity were normal. Flexible sigmoidoscopy was unremarkable. What is the next most appropriate management step?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: High-fibre diet

      Explanation:

      This is most likely describing irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Symptoms are either diarrhoea, constipation, or both, abdominal pain, bloating, with various durations. It is a functional, not organic, problem, as far as research shows at this point. It is essentially a diagnosis of exclusion. Treatment is a high fibre diet with fluids. Caffeine should be avoided as this can worsen symptoms. Full colonoscopy is not warranted at this time, neither is a barium enema. A wheat-free diet is not likely to help as there is no evidence they have an allergy to this.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 19 - An 18 year old prospective medical student is tested for hepatitis B. Her...

    Incorrect

    • An 18 year old prospective medical student is tested for hepatitis B. Her liver tests show alanine transaminase (ALT) 120 U/L and serology shows her to be positive for HBsAg, HBcAb and HBeAg, with a viral load of 105 genome equivalents/mL. A liver biopsy is reported as showing early fibrosis with evidence of moderate inflammation. Which of the following treatments should be offered?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Interferon alfa 2b

      Explanation:

      Interferon alfa alone, not interferon alfa and ribavirin, has been shown to achieve HBeAg seroconversion for patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 20 - A 45-year-old man was referred for abnormal liver biochemistry. Investigations showed he had...

    Incorrect

    • A 45-year-old man was referred for abnormal liver biochemistry. Investigations showed he had an ALT of 98 U/l and was Hep B surface antigen positive. Which of the following is true of chronic active hepatitis due to the hepatitis B virus?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: It carries an increased risk of subsequent hepatocellular carcinoma

      Explanation:

      Chronic hepatitis B patients have an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. In chronic hepatitis B infection, you have +HBsAg, +anti-HBc, (-)IgM antiHBc, and (-) anti-HBs. In acute hepatitis B infection, you have+HBsAg, + anti-HBc, + IgM anti-HBc, and negative anti-HBs. In immunity due to natural infection, you have negative HBsAg, +anti-HBc, and + anti-HBs. In immunity due to vaccination, you have negative HBsAg, negative anti-HBc, and positive anti-HBs. It is important to remember these serologies, it will get you a lot of points on the test.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 21 - A 74-year-old man presents with left-sided lower abdominal pain. He is obese and...

    Incorrect

    • A 74-year-old man presents with left-sided lower abdominal pain. He is obese and admits to a dislike of high fibre foods. The pain has been grumbling for the past couple of weeks and is partially relieved by defecation. He has suffered intermittent diarrhoea.   Blood testing reveals a neutrophilia, and there is also a microcytic anaemia. Barium enema shows multiple diverticula, more marked on the left-hand side of the colon.   Which diagnosis fits best with this clinical picture?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Diverticular disease

      Explanation:

      Given that he has diverticula in the clinical scenario combined with his presenting symptoms, it is likely that he has diverticular disease. A low fibre diet would support this diagnosis. Acute diverticulitis would require treatment with antibiotics. Depending on the severity (Hinchey classification) would determine if he needs oral or IV antibiotics, hospital admission or outpatient treatment. Sometimes abscesses or micro perforations occur, which typical require drainage and possibly surgical intervention. Diverticular disease is clearly a better answer than other possible answer choices, simply based on the symptoms presented in the prompt (and mention of low fibre).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 22 - A 16-year-old female presents with a two day history of right iliac fossa...

    Incorrect

    • A 16-year-old female presents with a two day history of right iliac fossa pain, nausea and loss of appetite. You suspect that she has acute appendicitis. Which scoring system could you use to lend support to your diagnosis?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Alvarado score

      Explanation:

      The prompt is suggestive of acute appendicitis. The Alvarado score is a clinical scoring system used to determine the likelihood of appendicitis, so this is the correct answer. A score greater than 6 is generally considered at risk for having acute appendicitis. It has 8 different criteria included (symptoms, signs, and lab results) and divides patients into appendicitis unlikely, possible, probable, and definite. The Center Score is a score to access the likelihood that pharyngitis is due to Strep. The Child-Pugh score predicts prognosis in liver cirrhosis. The Glasgow score is two different scores– the Glasgow coma score in trauma, which estimates level of consciousness, essentially, and The Glasgow Imrie Criteria which determines the severity of acute pancreatitis based on 8 lab values. The MELD score predicts the severity of end-stage liver disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 23 - A 33-year-old lady who is known hepatitis C positive comes to your clinic....

    Incorrect

    • A 33-year-old lady who is known hepatitis C positive comes to your clinic. She is 28 weeks pregnant and her obstetrician wants you to assess her and provide medical advice for the mother and child. Which of the following statements concerning hepatitis C are most accurate in her case?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Breast-feeding does not increase the risk of transmission

      Explanation:

      Breast feeding has not been shown to increase the risk of transmission of HCV from mother to baby. This is simply a fact to memorize. The other answer choices are not the most accurate as there is no evidence-proven way to decrease the chance that baby will get HCV from the mother during the birth. About 5 out of every 100 infants born to HCV infected mothers become infected.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 24 - A 55-year-old male is admitted with vomiting. He has a long history of...

    Incorrect

    • A 55-year-old male is admitted with vomiting. He has a long history of alcohol abuse, appears slightly jaundiced and is dishevelled and unkempt. He was started on an intravenous glucose infusion and diazepam and he symptomatically improved. One day later he becomes confused, develops vomiting, diplopia and is unable to stand. What is the most likely diagnosis?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Vitamin B deficiency

      Explanation:

      The most likely diagnosis is Wernicke’s encephalopathy. This presents in a long time alcoholic from vitamin BI deficiency. Symptoms include confusion and confabulation, oculomotor symptoms/signs, and ataxia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 25 - With respect to liver cirrhosis, which of the following statements is correct? ...

    Incorrect

    • With respect to liver cirrhosis, which of the following statements is correct?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: The final common pathway of hepatic fibrosis is mediated by the hepatic stellate cell

      Explanation:

      The development of hepatic fibrosis reflects an alteration in the normally balanced processes of extracellular matrix production and degradation. [6] The extracellular matrix, the normal scaffolding for hepatocytes, is composed of collagens (especially types I, III, and V), glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. Increased collagen in the space of Disse (space b/w sinusoids and hepatocytes) leads to capillarization of sinusoids, and stellate cells also have contractile properties when activated. This is fibrosis processes. This can lead to the development of portal hypertension.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 26 - Which of the following is consistent with a diagnosis of insulinoma? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is consistent with a diagnosis of insulinoma?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Low fasting glucose, high insulin, high C peptide

      Explanation:

      Insulinoma is associated with LOW fasting glucose, HIGH insulin level, and HIGH C peptide. Insulin-abuse or overdose will cause HGH insulin levels and a LOW C peptide. If the C peptide is low, be suspicious.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 27 - A 60-year-old man with known ulcerative colitis and diverticular disease comes to clinic...

    Incorrect

    • A 60-year-old man with known ulcerative colitis and diverticular disease comes to clinic complaining of passing faeces per urethra. Cystoscopy confirms a fistula between his bladder and bowel. Which treatment is most likely to be effective?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: surgery

      Explanation:

      The best treatment for a colovesicular fistula is surgery. This is the only definitive treatment. If the patient is a poor surgical candidate, there can be an attempt to manage them non-operatively, but this is absolutely NOT the MOST EFFECTIVE therapy.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 28 - A 27-year-old man with a long history of heavy alcohol intake is admitted...

    Incorrect

    • A 27-year-old man with a long history of heavy alcohol intake is admitted with nausea and frequent vomiting four hours after a meal in a restaurant. During review in the Emergency department he vomits a cupful of blood. What is the cause of his haematemesis?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Mallory-Weiss tear

      Explanation:

      This is a classic clinical presentation, with alcohol intake and nausea/vomiting that leads to hematemesis, of a Mallory-Weiss tear. Because of the history, that makes this more likely than haemorrhagic gastritis, duodenal ulceration, or oesophagitis (also oesophagitis would not bleed a cupful). Oesophageal varices would present with copious amounts of hematemesis and most likely hemodynamic instability as a result of the amount of blood loss. In Mallory-Weiss tear they are typically presented as a hemodynamically stable patient.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 29 - A 26-year-old lawyer presents to the gastroenterology clinic with weight loss, intermittent oily...

    Incorrect

    • A 26-year-old lawyer presents to the gastroenterology clinic with weight loss, intermittent oily diarrhoea and malaise. Blood testing reveals folate and iron deficiency. There is also mild hypocalcaemia on biochemistry screening. She has type-1 diabetes of 10 years’ duration and is stable on a basal bolus insulin regime, otherwise her past medical history is unremarkable. Which of these antibody tests is most specific for making a diagnosis?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies

      Explanation:

      The prompt is suggestive of celiac disease as an aetiology. The antibody that is used primarily to suggest this diagnosis is anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody. You can also check anti-gliadin and anti-endomyseal antibodies, although anti-TTG antibodies are now the preferred test. To get an official diagnosis you must have a tissue diagnosis (biopsy). Anti-smooth muscle antibodies would be seen in autoimmune hepatitis. Anti-thyroid antibodies are not at all related to this, and are associated with thyroid. Anti-nuclear antibodies are non-specific.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 30 - Which of the following stimulates the secretion of gastrin? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following stimulates the secretion of gastrin?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Amino acids

      Explanation:

      Gastrin is released from G cells in the antrum of the stomach after a meal. It stimulates parietal cells to release HCl. Gastrin is stimulated by a number of things: antrum distention, vagal stimulation, peptides (especially amino acids) in the stomach, hypercalcemia. Gastrin release is inhibited by acid, SST, GIP, VIP, secretin, glucagon, and calcitonin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Gastroenterology (8/11) 73%
Passmed